In the summer of 1949, the Chinese Civil War was all but won. The People’s Liberation Army had crossed the Yangtze River, seized Shanghai and the Nationalists’ capital city Nanjing, and driven the Nationalist forces into a retreat that would eventually result in their long exile in Taiwan. After two entire decades of war, the Communist Party finally had to prepare not just to liberate their country but to rule it, and among the many administrative decisions that needed to be made, there was the question of the new national flag.

A notice was posted in the People’s Daily and other newspapers soliciting designs. Over three thousand submissions were received, and a special committee carefully selected the best candidates for deliberation at the upcoming session of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference. The iconic five-star banner that today symbolizes the People’s Republic was not among them. Instead, one of the most popular finalists, and the one initially preferred by Mao Zedong, was a relatively simpler pattern of only a single star, representing the Party, above a horizontal yellow stripe, which represented the Yellow River.¹ Some other contenders were variants of this design, adding an additional stripe representing the Yangtze or a third for the Pearl River. It would be difficult to name a better symbol for the complex legacy of the Yellow River, and more generally the importance of water to the development of Chinese civilization, than this selection process—particularly because none of these designs were ultimately adopted.

“Do you know how many bends there are in the Yellow River?” asks a famous folk song from Shaanxi Province. Using a straight, horizontal line to represent such a tortuous artery of the lifeblood of China’s agriculture would be unscientific, a prestigious general who had recently defected from the Nationalists is said to have reminded Mao. But more importantly, a stripe in the flag’s design would have suggested a divided country at a time when unity was badly needed.

This was not the first time that China’s second-longest river was looked upon as a symbolic obstacle to social progress, nor would it be the last. Nearly four decades later, an infamous Chinese documentary series broadcast on state-run television would condemn the Yellow River as the origin of a backward and stagnant culture that had stubbornly persisted until the modern day. The series was titled Héshāng (河殇); hé (河) meaning river and shāng (殇) meaning “to die prematurely,” thus the English title was literally The River Dies Young—or, as it is more commonly translated, River Elegy.

The “Hydraulic Society”

The River Elegy series caused great disruption, debate, and controversy not only among the Chinese public but at the highest levels of the Communist Party. It was considered a fierce repudiation of Chinese culture and tradition, criticizing virtually everything from the Great Wall to national sports teams. All such problems, it suggested, were rooted deep in history. The fertile Yellow River basin, the cradle of Chinese civilization, had sustained it for millennia—but in a feudal eternity, tragic and rigid, insular and changeless.

“Perhaps you will be puzzled if someone tells you that oriental despotism was related to water,” said River Elegy, but “[i]n fact, this was Marx’s and Engels’ view.”² The vagueness, inconsistency, and incompleteness of Marx’s writings on colonial India have indeed spawned well over a century of bitter arguments that continue to this day, not only on the question of to what degree Marxism was applicable outside of the context of European class oppression under which he lived, but also to what degree he believed that a distinct “Asian” mode of production existed. The simplicity and the traditional division of labor within the ancient Indian communal village, Marx wrote in Capital, was the secret of their unchangeableness; despite the never-ceasing changes of dynastic masters, “[t]he structure of the economic elements of society remains untouched by the storm-clouds of the political sky.”³ According to historian and prominent Marxist Dr. Walter Rodney, “[Chinese] landowners had greater powers as bureaucrats than as men of property,” and therefore, for thousands of years, “they used that to keep social relations in the same mould.”⁴ (Such a bureaucracy was meritocratic, rather than based on inheritance, though of course those who were already wealthy had the greatest advantages in gaining access to it.) A deceptively simple and intuitive material reason for why this “feudalism” was technically distinct from Europe’s has historically been suggested: in rainy, temperate pre-capitalist Europe, the peasant and his family could survive independently, through the subsistence farming of grain upon a modest plot of land—while in southern and eastern Asia, it was a fact of life that no man could grow rice on his own. The rice plant traditionally thrives when submerged in water to a consistent level; the “oriental climate,” according to the documentary, “made large-scale man-made irrigation the first prerequisite for agriculture.”⁵

Idyllic photographs of the vast arrays of terraced rice paddies in China or its neighbors can sometimes evoke awe in a Western audience. Yet it was not Marx but German historian Karl Wittfogel who, nearly a century after the publication of Capital but less than a decade after the creation of the PRC, codified in the Western discourse a more sinister and essentialist reaction with his concept of the “totalitarian” “hydraulic society.” As River Elegy described it:

…[S]uch work could only be done by mobilizing the masses under a centralized despotism regime. This was the well-known “Asiatic production mode.” Myriad insignificant individuals organized to support the supreme being on top... Thus, democracy, freedom, and equality had little chance of becoming ‘Asiatic.’⁶

These were the origins of the Western orientalist myth that Asian states remain somehow exceptionally “authoritarian” and constantly in need of more Western “democracy.” Having assigned “despotism” its ancient material origin, Wittfogel and other pro-Western analysts could then pretend that it was an indelible mark of Chinese culture—and that any modern expression of collectivism in China was therefore equivalent to despotism.

The makers of River Elegy relentlessly perpetuated this myth in not-so-subtle terms. There was an old saying, they reminded the country, that a dipperful of the Yellow River would be 70% loess.⁷ “Where are the roots of the Chinese nation?” they asked. “Perhaps every yellow-skinned Chinese knows this: the Yellow River.”⁸ This defect, they asserted, could be surmounted in only one way.

Oh, descendants of the dragon, the Yellow River has given us all it could to our ancestors. It cannot give birth again to the civilization created by our ancestors. We must create a brand-new civilization, one which cannot flow from the Yellow River. The dregs of the old civilization, like the silt in the Yellow River, have built up in our nation’s blood vessels. It needs a good scrubbing by a great flood. The flood has come. It is industrial civilization. It is calling us.⁹

The Chinese people, the documentary said, had a “mental block”;¹⁰ to remove the metaphorical mud from the veins of the river civilization, it urged an even greater shift—encompassing not just the cautious and controlled economic liberalization of the Reform and Opening Up policy, but a total cultural reset and an uncritical ideological embrace of the individualist (and therefore somehow non-“despotic”) West:

To save the nation from extinction, we had to keep the invaders out. But to save a declining culture, we must open the nation’s doors, to embrace the new dawn of science and democracy…¹¹

We have seen the Yellow River flows for 10,000 li to end up in the sea. We must never again turn down the invitation by the sea.¹²

River Elegy considered the wide blue ocean to be the answer to the backward yellow soil. “The eternally restless blue waves of the Pacific Ocean have always beckoned the Chinese people,”¹³ it concluded. To the documentary’s makers, the Pacific symbolized Western civilization and the United States in particular. During the late 1980s, the “ocean” of global capitalism seemed not only the sole alternative to China’s supposed eternal stagnation, but the most vital force in the world. It represented a release from agricultural tyranny; it promised the freedom, the innovation, and the adventuresome, democratic spirit of the “beautiful country.”¹⁴ In the West, we know what a crock all of that is.

“What Are You Gonna Do About It?”

For all of human history before the twenty-first century, and for tens of millions of years before even the first hominid drew upon the wall of a cave, there were seven continents on the Earth. Today, there are eight. The newcomer lies near the center of the world’s vastest ocean, equidistant, more or less, from China and the United States. In a 2018 Scientific Reports article, researchers estimated its size at over 1.6 million square kilometers,¹⁵ though its total land area was zero—for it is composed not of land, but of plastic trash, overwhelmingly produced by Western countries and multinational corporations.¹⁶ Such is the legacy of an ocean civilization.

The crossing of the world’s oceans was indispensable to the development of capitalism. Only through the navigation and mastery of the Atlantic were the old European empires capable of enforcing a global division of labor, and only through this world-historical shift could the European capitalists ascend to become the world’s rulers. During the fifteenth century, the greatest power in the world by far was not any European kingdom, but China’s Ming Dynasty; according to Rodney’s historical analyses, the development of European civilizations, in fact, was until that time still comparable to West and East African civilizations in most respects.¹⁷ Even the ascendant Ottoman Empire, whose control of eastern trade routes provided an impetus for European exploration, was strong enough to challenge nearly all of Europe combined. Despite the Europeans’ inauspicious position, however, their edge in naval technology and resulting monopoly on maritime commerce was so significant that it provided the mechanism for European countries to subjugate Africa, the Americas, and eventually Asia. There is little wonder, therefore, that Chinese perspectives on the West’s rise might also focus on its relationship with water and describe global capitalism as the product of an “ocean” or “maritime” civilization.

“The maritime world view,” writes Professor Wang Yiwei, former diplomat and director of the Center for European Studies at Renmin University of China, “acknowledges no place as being inaccessible.”¹⁸ Microscopic particles of plastic have been discovered everywhere in the world, in every ocean, at the summit of Mount Qomolangma,¹⁹ and even within our own bodies. Another study conducted in the Netherlands and published in Environment International detected a quantifiable concentration of microplastics within the blood of 77% of volunteers from the general public in 2022²⁰—making both real and measurable the quality that the makers of River Elegy had lamented only in metaphor thirty-five years earlier.

Environmental destruction is certainly not the ocean civilization’s only deficiency, however. Though the United States trails China in every category when it comes to fighting climate change, it is by far the world leader in mass shootings, especially of schoolchildren. Its infrastructure, once the envy of the world, is decaying and collapsing before our eyes. The world’s largest rail network is now a warped, rickety, obsolete behemoth, each rattling freight train a potential environmental catastrophe on the level of the toxic chemical spill in East Palestine, Ohio in February 2023. Its population has been mostly urbanized and proletarianized—but then proletarianized again, and again, as the most precarious workers must take on additional “gig economy” jobs to pay their ever-increasing rent. An overly militarized police force, notorious worldwide for its racial prejudice, brutally enforces great disparities in wealth in all major U.S. cities. Homelessness in the U.S. is now at the highest level ever recorded.²¹ The internet, one of the greatest inventions of the West and the best tool of knowledge and learning of the modern era, has been hollowed out by a profusion of scams, hoaxes, time-wasting apps, corporate advertisements, AI-generated noise, and impotent partisan rage. If a reader who has lived in a U.S. city cannot add a dozen more grievances from personal experience, then their experience has been far from typical; and the worst problem on the list, of course, is that unlike in China, it seems that nothing whatsoever can be done about any of them.

Among the American people, and particularly the youngest generations, there is a radicalism and a hunger for change that has forever been denied even a single meal. Wall Street is once again occupied only by bankers. The construction of the Dakota Access Pipeline was not prevented. Bernie Sanders did not win; he did not win, again; we know now that he will never win. Social democracy was once considered a safe alternative to revolution; in the West today, not even social democracy can be won without a revolution.

Its harshest critics judge Western social democracy to have been a “bribe” to buy the common Westerner’s support for imperialism, but if true, that bribe is grower ever more meager. In the latter twentieth century, according to Ghanaian president and political theorist Dr. Kwame Nkrumah, Western capitalism had “avoid[ed] sacrificing the all-important principle of ever-increasing profits for the owning minority” by increasing imperialist exploitation of the periphery through neocolonialism;²² yet as so many have seen, this exploitation had already been maximized under the neoliberal phase of imperialism. The twentieth century peak of wealth redistribution in Western capitalist countries is long past and shows no sign of returning. Brutal class struggle, not compromise, is on the domestic horizon. Now that using the carrot would risk the perpetual increase in their profits that they have thus far sustained throughout history, Western capitalists will eventually come to rely solely upon the stick. They sneer, in the manner of a school bully, “What are you gonna do about it?”

As of this writing, the new generation’s frustration found its greatest expression in the summer of 2020. The Black Lives Matter movement had already existed for seven years before the murder of George Floyd in Minneapolis, yet the demand for justice in his name spread much further, and the country-wide uprising that followed was much larger than had been reached on the behalf of earlier victims. The people of the United States felt a collective power that was their own and sought a change far beyond the incarceration of just one murderer with a badge. “Defund the police!” was the most common demand, though some gave voice to a desire to see them abolished entirely.

A few months later, the police were not abolished. Nor were they particularly defunded. That September, Bloomberg reported that of the 34 major U.S. cities that had already finalized their 2021 budgets, more than half increased or had no change in their police departments’ share. Across all such cities measured, police funding had dropped by less than one percent overall,²³ but even this would not last long. In 2022, ABC reported that out of 109 major cities and counties measured, 91 (or 83%) had in fact increased their police budgets compared with 2019—most of them by more than 10%.²⁴ Municipal governments that had promised dramatic cuts, such as San Francisco²⁵ and Seattle,²⁶ quietly walked them back; incumbent Democratic Party legislators who in 2020 had parasitically associated themselves with the protests frantically disavowed their actions before the midterm elections of 2022, shamelessly professing in debates and televised campaign ads their love for the increasingly militarized police and their intention to even further increase bloated police budgets. In the following year, more people were killed by U.S. law enforcement than in any year in the past decade.²⁷ Compared with the intensity of the mass uprising, which had left a Minneapolis police headquarters a charred ruin, the protests that had ended Zero-Covid in China appeared particularly tame—yet the contrast between each governments’ responses was just as stark.

From the Zero-Covid protests to mortgage strikes, Chinese protestors engaged in collective resistance in recent years have received what they demanded conspicuously often. In 2021, in a manner typical of the Western media’s orientalist legacy, CNN called the clear blue skies of Beijing—which only seven years before had been shrouded in smog—a “rare victory for public dissent,” citing the public outrage and numerous protests that had driven the government to declare a national “war against pollution” in 2014.²⁸ By the end of the decade, such a reduction in pollution had been made that it increased the average life expectancy in China by two years. It is strange that the people of China should be enjoying quite so many “rare” victories—if only public dissent could win equally as rarely on the opposite shore of the Pacific! The United States’ average life expectancy, stagnant for nearly a decade before 2019, fell by about three years by 2021, while China’s surpassed it and continued a steady increase.²⁹ It is not the river but the ocean that dies young.

The fact that River Elegy had been broadcast by state-run CCTV seems evidence of just how terrible a risk the Party had taken by pursuing Reform and Opening Up. The fragility of the Party’s long-term strategy for development and indeed its own commitment to socialism were not imaginary; the entire world outside China has been living through a profoundly counterrevolutionary era ever since. During a desperate siege, the Politburo itself had carelessly almost left the gate wide open. The capitalist-controlled governments of the West and their neoliberal policies, however, do not appear to be under threat today—not from the PRC, and least of all from their own citizens.

Class Rule and the Sweetness of Liberty

The idea that a government can be so oppressive and powerful that it can only be overthrown by an external force is not uncommon in the West and has been a favorite of modern orientalists. Wittfogel makes clear his own belief in it with his best-known work Oriental Despotism: A Comparative Study of Total Power, which contains his hydraulic hypothesis in its canonical form. His anti-communism, however, contorts in an almost comical fashion any semblance of the materialist analysis of agriculture and irrigation that he purports to make. “Despotic” societies were somehow found across an entire continent’s range of climates, while Japan, with a staple crop and climate virtually identical to China’s, was an exception—one that apparently by sheer coincidence conformed exactly to the geographical limit of U.S. military influence after the Chinese Civil War. Moreover, the outcome of the Civil War, and the destruction of the landowning class that had historically maintained and benefited from China’s interminable “Asian mode of the production” for millennia, were apparently of no real significance. “Communist totalitarianism,” said Wittfogel, was only the latest and the “much more despotic” variant of the hydraulic society³⁰—and one that its subjects were helpless to end by themselves. In his conclusion, he relates this anecdote from ancient Greece:

On their way to Suza, the Spartan envoys were met by Hydarnes, a high Persian official, who offered to make them mighty in their homeland, if only they would attach themselves to the Great King, his despotic master. To the benefit of Greece—and to the benefit of all free men—Herodotus has preserved their answer. “Hydarnes,” they said, “thou are a one-sided counselor. Thou hast experience of half the matter; but the other half is beyond thy knowledge. A slave’s life thou understandest; but, having never tasted liberty, thou canst not tell whether it be sweet or no. [emphasis added] Ah! hadst thou known what freedom is, thou wouldst have bidden us fight for it, not with the spear only, but with the battle-axe.”³¹

As long as U.S. hegemony and the neoliberal phase of global capitalism still last, the question that must be asked instead is whether Western—and particularly the United States’—governments are actually so powerful that their oppression can only be overthrown by an outside force. Internal resistance, as described above, is having almost no effect. The endless defeats suffered by the Western left have all but destroyed all the ideological consistency, the effectiveness, and certainly the vision that it ever possessed; hopelessness and “doomerism” predominate, finding their greatest expression in spontaneous vandalism or vehement internecine strife. But is there any wonder? What the people of the West—and the world—desperately need, before any invasion or force of arms, is an example—not just one of a better future, but of how to get there.

The community of those who would defend China’s socialist construction in the English-speaking arena is not large nor does it consist mostly of Chinese communists,³² sympathetic Western Marxists, or of other Marxists around the world. Instead, the state-run English-language Chinese press—in the same awkward and reactive manner in which it stumbles its way through American cultural issues that it seems ill-equipped to touch—has chosen to employ or grant the largest platforms to Western émigrés, businessmen, and apolitical tourists. Most of these advocates, though earnest in describing their observations of the Communist Party’s success, either do not understand, do not care, or are discouraged from explaining why it has succeeded. The tools of comparative analysis can readily prove how. While we can observe that China endured while the Soviet Union expired, that China is soaring while India is struggling, that China is building while the U.S. is bombing, and that China advanced by decades while Japan lost them, for such analyses to ultimately prove useful, the most fundamental reason behind these differences must also be exposed. River Elegy itself was eventually denounced by the Party and CCTV later broadcast a self-criticism;³³ but unfortunately, the concepts of the class struggle and the class character of the state still seem as foreign to the PRC’s foreign-language press as was the sea to the frog in the well.³⁴

For clearly, a disregard for class is likewise where the fault with the hydraulic hypothesis lies. It is human cooperation and organization, rather than despotism, that builds any and all great agricultural works, builds modern cities and infrastructure, cures diseases, spreads literacy, and discovers new sciences. It is these forces that propel history forward and none other. It is true that such things are constructed under the direction of bureaucracies, but what in history has not been? A bureaucracy of and for the class that performs such labor can do the same, and better, faster, and far more democratically than one based on exploitation. In Portland, Oregon, less than one mile from where these words were written, lies a mass grave of Chinese workers—refugees of the wars and rebellions that devastated the Qing Dynasty after its humiliation at the hands of European empires, who were sent across the ocean and spent the last years of their lives toiling for a Western despot, one that was called Union Pacific.³⁵ Long ago, their efforts in large part gave the United States its great railroads, which have now fallen into such disrepair, and one day, it is possible that Chinese workers will come to rebuild them, as they are now doing all across the world—but if they do, it will be at their own behest, and not at any despot’s.

Rather than culture or geography, the symbolism present in the design that was eventually adopted as the flag of the PRC concerned only modern social class dynamics. The four smaller stars represent the different classes in China, and their size and position relative to the largest star indicates that all are led by the Communist Party. With 100 million members, the Party is now one of the largest bureaucracies in history—yet in comparing it to the feudal “despotic” bureaucracies, Wittfogel’s ideological descendants are careful to never mention the vast difference in class composition. Today, the dominance of peasants and workers within the Party—both by membership and by political agenda—could not be more alien to the traditional hierarchies that had reigned in China for so long before 1949.

Today, it is clear, or is becoming so to all whose heads are not submerged in sand, that despite the West’s loud claims of owning the concept of liberty, it is the people of China who are the best qualified to judge its sweetness. China not only has a system that works; it has the only system that works! What good fortune for the world that this is primarily due to its class structure, rather than something ineffable and culturally unique—it is a system that can in time and with struggle be replicated elsewhere. What a grim disaster for the world, if this were otherwise! What a tragedy, if the modern-day success or failure of socialism hinged forever upon some ancient accident of geography and climate; what a dark vision of humanity must be held to believe that multiculturalism, ethnic harmony, and common prosperity can only exist in a place like China, where such things are currently flourishing the most in the world, and never in the United States, where they are currently riven with murder and oppression. If proletarian class rule, and not millennia of cultural inertia, has the most to do with sustaining China’s collectivist prosperity, then it must be capitalist class rule, and not Western culture, that plays the greater part in perpetuating the United States’ individualist exploitation. Capitalists can be overthrown by revolution; culture—as the Party itself learned first-hand from the disaster of the Cultural Revolution—cannot be.

It is not hard to understand why the Party has chosen the media and foreign policy strategy that it has. The siege of China has not ended, and indeed has grown far greater than when River Elegy was first broadcast. In order to preserve its socialist system, and to convince the world of the sincerity of its non-interference policy, prior to the United States’ reorientation toward open confrontation with it, the PRC had kept a low profile and took no action to spread the Party’s ideology beyond its borders. Even now, its commitment to multilateralism and diplomacy and its criticism of U.S. hegemony represent the extent of its ideological response. Yet the movements and forces of liberation in other countries do not move in a vacuum, and if the working class is not credited with its own greatest triumphs, how can it be expected to win more victories?

The incipient re-industrialization of the U.S. is not manifesting in isolation. Multiple factors have aligned to make U.S. industry more competitive, not just the crisis in Europe and protectionist government policy, but also the decades-long assault on unions and collective bargaining. The Western proletariat is an essential tool in the capitalists’ attempts to re-industrialize, but increasingly has less to gain from supporting the empire’s machinations and more to gain from solidarity with the East. If Western workers can also re-collectivize, they will gain the leverage to frustrate the empire’s plans for war. The historic mistake of collaborating with imperial policy in exchange for the scraps of conquest has already cost the Western working class dearly over the decades; if it cannot recognize the Communist Party of China as not an enemy but its greatest potential ally, this mistake may yet be repeated, leading to irrevocable disaster.

An outsider will find it difficult to believe a truth that the Party will not speak of to anyone but itself. As its own actions continue to transform China and the world, the Party cannot be silent forever, but neither can we wait for it to speak. Seeking this truth from facts instead requires careful and intentional study. It requires the tedious sifting through the great garbage patch of the Western press. It requires, at times, taking a path of greater resistance. It’s why this book exists.

Bibliography

1Nectar Gan, “Flag Flub Could Have Been Avoided, If Mao Had Been given His Way at Country’s Birth,” South China Morning Post, August 6, 2016, https://www.scmp.com/news/china/policies-politics/article/2001473/flag-flub-could-have-been-avoided-if-mao-had-been-given.

2China: Presenting River Elegy, Documentary (Deep Dish TV, 1988), loc. 6:30, https://archive.org/details/ddtv_40_china_presenting_river_elegy.

3Karl Marx, Capital. A Critique of Political Economy. Volume I: The Process of Production of Capital, ed. Frederick Engels, trans. Samuel Moore and Edward Aveling, First, vol. 1 (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1887), chap. Chapter Fourteen: Division of Labour and Manufacture, https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1867-c1/index.htm.

4Walter Rodney, How Europe Underdeveloped Africa, Revised (1981) (Washington, D.C.: Howard University Press, 1982), 9.

5China: Presenting River Elegy, loc. 6:45.

6China: Presenting River Elegy, loc. 7:00.

7The particularly fertile sediment that gives the Yellow River its color.

8China: Presenting River Elegy, loc. 6:09.

9China: Presenting River Elegy, loc. 9:02.

10China: Presenting River Elegy, loc. 4:58.

11China: Presenting River Elegy, loc. 14:36.

12China: Presenting River Elegy, loc. 16:06.

13China: Presenting River Elegy, loc. 46:23.

14“Beautiful country” is the literal meaning of the Chinese name for the United States (美国, or Měiguó).

15L. Lebreton et al., “Evidence That the Great Pacific Garbage Patch Is Rapidly Accumulating Plastic,” Scientific Reports 8, no. 1 (March 22, 2018): 4666, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-22939-w.

16The Western media is fond of blaming East and Southeast Asian countries for the existence of the “Great Pacific Garbage Patch”—and for once, China is not its primary target. A 2021 study published in Science magazine estimated that only 0.6% of China’s plastic waste reached the ocean—instead considering the Philippines to be by far the world’s largest contributor, discarding approximately 350,000 tonnes per year, more than twice as much as any other country. (Lourens J. J. Meijer et al., “More than 1000 Rivers Account for 80% of Global Riverine Plastic Emissions into the Ocean,” Science Advances 7, no. 18 (April 30, 2021): eaaz5803, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aaz5803.) The Washington Post, in describing the Philippines as a country “swallowed by plastic waste,” considered the “sachet economy” to be the primary cause and was quick to name poverty and “corporate interests” as the drivers of the Philippines’ disproportionate use of disposable plastic sachets, conveniently eliding exactly which corporations were so interested in selling sachets to the masses of poor Filipinos. (Jintak Han, “In the Philippines, a Nation Swallowed by Plastic Waste,” The Washington Post, April 22, 2023, https://www.washingtonpost.com/photography/interactive/2023/philippines-city-swallowed-by-plastic-waste/.) An audit by member organizations of the Break Free From Plastic movement, however, identified Unilever, Nestlé, Procter & Gamble, and Colgate-Palmolive—all Western multinational corporations—as the biggest producers of plastic waste in the Philippines. (Alixandra Vila, “Philippines Plastic Pollution: Why so Much Waste Ends up in Oceans,” South China Morning Post, October 18, 2018, https://www.scmp.com/lifestyle/health/article/2168819/philippines-plastic-pollution-why-so-much-waste-ends-oceans.) The world’s largest manufacturers of plastic sachets are all Western corporations; Amcor, a Swiss-based packaging company founded in Australia that in 2014 announced a new multi-million dollar packaging plant in the Philippines, (Jenny Eagle, “Amcor Flexibles to Open Philippines Factory,” Food Navigator, October 29, 2014, https://www.foodnavigator-asia.com/Article/2014/10/29/Amcor-Flexibles-to-open-Philippines-factory.) boasts of its pledge to make 100% of its products recyclable by 2025, yet distributing recyclable products in one of the poorest and least-equipped countries in the world does not often mean those products will actually be recycled. (David Clark, “Pew Research on Ocean Plastic Waste and Circular Economy,” Corporate, Amcor Insights (blog), July 23, 2020, https://www.amcor.com/insights/blogs/plastic-waste-study.)

Furthermore, in the late 2010s the Philippines became a primary destination for Western countries seeking to export trash, along with Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam, and Indonesia. Waste imports to the Philippines totaled nearly 12,000 tons in 2018, an amount that Greenpeace Philippines considered to be a serious underestimate. The United States is the single largest exporter of trash, followed by the United Kingdom and Japan; a great amount of waste is also exported illegally, precipitating a diplomatic crisis when Canada failed to take back the enormous quantities of trash it had sent to the Philippines without that government’s consent. (Hillary Leung, “Southeast Asia Doesn’t Want to Be the World’s Dumping Ground. Here’s How Some Countries Are Pushing Back,” Time, June 3, 2019, https://time.com/5598032/southeast-asia-plastic-waste-malaysia-philippines/.) A report by the National Academy of Sciences concluded that the U.S. discarded more plastic waste than any other country, well over a million tons of which “leak[ed] into the environment” each year. (Tik Root, “U.S. Is Top Contributor to Plastic Waste, Report Shows,” The Washington Post, December 1, 2021, https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2021/12/01/plastic-waste-ocean-us/.) In order to exculpate its corporate masters from their proclivities as the world’s litterbugs, the Western press may seek to portray the Philippines as an ignorant or irresponsible actor, when in reality, the world’s most powerful countries and corporations have chosen it to be the world’s trash can against its will.

17Walter Rodney, How Europe Underdeveloped Africa, 69.

18Yiwei Wang, Hai Shang, Elegy of the Sea, trans. Wenyi Zhu, 2015, 73, https://www.worldscientific.com/worldscibooks/10.1142/u018.

19Called Sagarmāthā in Nepali, and better known to English-speakers as Mount Everest. (Qomolangma is the original Tibetan name.)

20Heather A. Leslie et al., “Discovery and Quantification of Plastic Particle Pollution in Human Blood,” Environment International 163 (May 1, 2022): 107199, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2022.107199.

21Most experts, as well, consider homelessness statistics in the U.S. to severely undercount the actual total. (Meryl Kornfield, Danielle Paquette, and Molly Hennessy-Fiske, “U.S. Homelessness Surged 18 Percent to Record Level, Annual Report Says,” The Washington Post, January 2, 2025, https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2024/12/27/homeless-housing-costs-inflation/.)

22Kwame Nkrumah, Handbook of Revolutionary Warfare (New York: International Publishers, 1968), 4–5, https://consciencism.files.wordpress.com/2018/08/handbook-of-revolutionary-warfare-a-guide-to-the-armed-phase-of-the-african-revolution-copy.pdf.

23Sarah Holder, Fola Akinnibi, and Christopher Cannon, “‘We Have Not Defunded Anything’: Big Cities Boost Police Budgets,” Bloomberg, September 22, 2020, https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/2020-city-budget-police-defunding/.

24Grace Manthey, Frank Esposito, and Amanda Hernandez, “Despite ‘defunding’ Claims, Police Funding Has Increased in Many US Cities,” ABC News, October 16, 2022, https://abcnews.go.com/US/defunding-claims-police-funding-increased-us-cities/story?id=91511971.

25Stephanie Sierra, Lindsey Feingold, and John Kelly, “Police Department Budget up 4.4% since 2019, despite SF Officials Making Bold Promises to Defund,” ABC7 News, October 13, 2022, https://abc7news.com/sfpd-budget-defund-the-police-department-funding/12321818/.

26Sarah Grace Taylor, “‘50% Was a Mistake’: Seattle City Council Abandoned the Idea of Defunding Police,” The Seattle Times, September 25, 2022, https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/politics/50-was-a-mistake-how-seattle-city-council-abandoned-the-idea-of-defunding-police/.

27E.D. Cauchi and Scott Pham, “County Sheriffs Wield Lethal Power, Face Little Accountability: ‘A Failure of Democracy,’” CBS News, May 20, 2024, https://www.cbsnews.com/news/county-sheriffs-deaths-accountability.

28Jessie Yeung, Nectar Gan, and Steve George, “From ‘Air-Pocalypse’ to Blue Skies. Beijing’s Fight for Cleaner Air Is a Rare Victory for Public Dissent,” CNN, August 23, 2021, https://www.cnn.com/2021/08/23/china/china-air-pollution-mic-intl-hnk.

29World Bank, “Life Expectancy at Birth, Total (Years) - United States, China,” SP.DYN.LE00.IN, ( 1 ) United Nations Population Division. World Population Prospects: 2022 Revision, or Derived from Male and Female Life Expectancy at Birth from Sources Such as: ( 2 ) Census Reports and Other Statistical Publications from National Statistical Offices, ( 3 ) Eurostat: Demographic Statistics, ( 4 ) United Nations Statistical Division. Population and Vital Statistics Report ( Various Years ), ( 5 ) U.S. Census Bureau: International Database, and ( 6 ) Secretariat of the Pacific Community: Statistics and Demography Programme. (The World Bank Group, 2022 2000), https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN?end=2022&locations=US-CN&start=2000.

30Karl A Wittfogel, Oriental Despotism: A Comparative Study of Total Power, Sixth (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1967), iii.

31Karl A Wittfogel, 448–449.

32Despite the all-too-predictable paranoia of the Western establishment regarding Chinese “trolls” or “wumaos,” due to the superior discipline of the Communist Party, very few if any actual Party members can be found posting on Western social media websites, other than those who do so in an official capacity, such as ambassadors and other diplomats.

33The careers of River Elegy’s creators were likewise impacted. The Atlantic reported that the documentary’s director Xia Jun was made to take a five-year hiatus from the network, (Ying Zhu, “The Inside Story of When China’s State-Run TV Criticized the Party,” The Atlantic, June 5, 2012, https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2012/06/the-inside-story-of-when-chinas-state-run-tv-criticized-the-party/258102/.) and co-writer Su Xiaokang more famously pre-empted any such censure by fleeing to the United States.

34In a fable about perspective and short-sightedness that is well-known in China, a frog at the bottom of a well considered it the finest place to live, because the frog had never seen the sea and thus could not imagine anything better.

35Hannah Erickson, “The Hidden History of Lone Fir’s Chinese Cemetery,” Government, Metro News (blog), January 9, 2023, https://www.oregonmetro.gov/news/hidden-history-lone-firs-chinese-cemetery.

104th Congress. “IRAN OIL SANCTIONS ACT OF 1995.” Senate Report. Washington, D.C.: United States Congress, December 15, 1995. Library of Congress. https://www.congress.gov/congressional-report/104th-congress/senate-report/187/1.

“A Number Of Men Arrested With Explosives On Jersey Turnpike.” CNN Live Event/Special. CNN, September 11, 2001. http://edition.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0109/11/se.04.html.

Abrahamian, Ervand. A History of Modern Iran. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.

Abrams, A. B. Immovable Object: North Korea’s 70 Years at War with American Power. Atlanta, Georgia: Clarity Press, Inc., 2020.

Achcar, Gilbert. “On the ‘Arab Inequality Puzzle’: The Case of Egypt.” Development and Change 51, no. 3 (March 17, 2020). https://doi.org/10.1111/dech.12585.

Acker, Kevin, Deborah Brautigam, and Yufan Huang. “Debt Relief with Chinese Characteristics.” Working Paper. China Africa Research Initiative, June 2020. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5652847de4b033f56d2bdc29/t/60353345259d4448e01a37d8/1614099270470/WP+39+-+Acker%2C+Brautigam%2C+Huang+-+Debt+Relief.pdf.

Adeniran, Adedeji, Mma Amara Ekeruche, Chukwuka Onyekwena, and Thelma Obiakor. “Estimating the Economic Impact of Chinese BRI Investment in Africa.” Special Report June 2021. South African Institute of International Affairs, June 21, 2021. https://saiia.org.za/research/estimating-the-economic-impact-of-chinese-bri-investment-in-africa/.

Adsera, Alicia, Francesca Dalla Pozza, Sergei Guriev, Lukas Kleine-Rueschkamp, and Elena Nikolova. “Transition from Plan to Market, Height and Well-Being.” IZA Discussion Papers. Bonn, Germany: Institute of Labor Economics (IZA), September 2019. https://www.iza.org/publications/dp/12658/transition-from-plan-to-market-height-and-well-being.

Aftenposten. “Aftenposten (September 10, 2015).” News. Aftenposten, September 10, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150910002638/https://www.aftenposten.no/.

Agence France-Presse. “Brazil High Court Confirms Annulment of Lula Graft Convictions.” France 24, April 16, 2021. https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20210415-brazil-high-court-confirms-annulment-of-lula-graft-convictions-1.

———. “Iran President’s 5-Year Plan Would Privatize Major Industries.” The New York Times, September 16, 1999, sec. A. https://www.nytimes.com/1999/09/16/world/iran-president-s-5-year-plan-would-privatize-major-industries.html.

“AGENT ORANGE: WHAT EFFORTS ARE BEING MADE TO ADDRESS THE CONTINUING IMPACT OF DIOXIN IN VIETNAM?” Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Publishing Office, May 15, 2019. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-111hhrg50112/html/CHRG-111hhrg50112.htm.

Agerholm, Harriet. “North Korea Bans Sarcasm Because Kim Jong-Un Fears People Only Agree with Him ‘Ironically.’” The Independent, September 9, 2016. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/north-korea-bans-sarcasm-kim-jongun-freedom-speech-a7231461.html.

Ahmed, Saifuddin, and Jörg Matthes. “Media Representation of Muslims and Islam from 2000 to 2015: A Meta-Analysis.” International Communication Gazette 79, no. 3 (April 1, 2017): 219–44. https://doi.org/10.1177/1748048516656305.

Al Jazeera. “US Completes Joint Military Exercise in Armenia.” Al Jazeera, September 20, 2023. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/20/us-completes-joint-military-exercise-in-armenia.

Al-Masry Al-Youm Staff. “Libyans Protest over Delayed Subsidized Housing Units.” Al-Masry Al-Youm, January 16, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110322055904/http://www.almasryalyoum.com/en/node/297407.

Allen-Ebrahimian, Bethany. “Advocates Denounce UN Official’s China Visit as ‘Ultimate Betrayal.’” Axios, May 31, 2022. https://www.axios.com/2022/05/31/advocates-denounce-un-officials-china-visit-ultimate-betrayal.

Allison, Graham. “Thucydides’s Trap Has Been Sprung in the Pacific.” Financial Times, August 21, 2012. https://www.ft.com/content/5d695b5a-ead3-11e1-984b-00144feab49a.

Almasmari, Hakim and Asa Fitch. “Yemen’s Houthis Seek Iran, Russia and China Ties.” The Wall Street Journal, March 6, 2015. https://www.wsj.com/articles/yemens-houthis-seek-iran-russia-and-china-ties-1425664867.

Ali, Zarmina. “The World’s 100 Largest Banks, 2020.” S&P Global Market Intelligence (blog), April 7, 2020. https://www.spglobal.com/marketintelligence/en/news-insights/latest-news-headlines/the-world-s-100-largest-banks-2020-57854079.

Alonso, Juan Francisco. “Qué fue el Viernes Negro y por qué marcó el fin de la ‘Venezuela saudita’ (What was Black Friday and why it marked the end of ‘Saudi Venezuela’).” British Broadcasting Corporation, February 17, 2023. https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-america-latina-64428203.

Al-Sudairi, Mohammed. “Chinese Salafism and the Saudi Connection.” The Diplomat, October 23, 2014. https://thediplomat.com/2014/10/chinese-salafism-and-the-saudi-connection/.

Alvaredo, Facundo, Lucas Chancel, Thomas Piketty, Emmanuel Saez, and Gabriel Zucman. “Global Inequality Dynamics: New Findings from WID.World.” Working Paper. NBER Working Paper Series. Cambridge, Massachusetts: National Bureau of Economic Research, April 2017. https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w23119/w23119.pdf.

American Community Survey 2000. “Aggregate Household Income in the Past 12 Months (in 2000 Inflation-Adjusted Dollars), Households.” United States: United States Census Bureau, 2000. https://www2.census.gov/acs/downloads/Core_Tables/2000/.

American Community Survey 2010. “B25048 | PLUMBING FACILITIES FOR OCCUPIED HOUSING UNITS.” B25048. ACS 5-Year Estimates Detailed Tables. United States;Yukon-Koyukuk Census Area, Alaska;Navajo Nation Reservation and Off-Reservation Trust Land, AZ--NM--UT: United States Census Bureau, 2010. https://data.census.gov/table?q=B25048:+PLUMBING+FACILITIES+FOR+OCCUPIED+HOUSING+UNITS&t=Physical+Characteristics&g=0100000US_0500000US02290_2500000US2430&tid=ACSDT5Y2010.B25048&tp=true.

American Community Survey 2020. “B17001 | POVERTY STATUS IN THE PAST 12 MONTHS BY SEX BY AGE.” B17001. ACS 5-Year Estimates Detailed Tables. United States;United States -- Rural;Navajo Nation Reservation and Off-Reservation Trust Land, AZ--NM--UT: United States Census Bureau, 2020. https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=B17001%3A%20POVERTY%20STATUS%20IN%20THE%20PAST%2012%20MONTHS%20BY%20SEX%20BY%20AGE&g=0100000US_0100043US_2500000US2430&y=2020&tid=ACSDT5Y2020.B17001&tp=true.

———. “B19025 | AGGREGATE HOUSEHOLD INCOME IN THE PAST 12 MONTHS (IN 2020 INFLATION-ADJUSTED DOLLARS).” B19025. ACS 5-Year Estimates Detailed Tables. United States;United States -- Rural;Navajo Nation Reservation and Off-Reservation Trust Land, AZ--NM--UT: United States Census Bureau, 2020. https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=B19025%3A%20AGGREGATE%20HOUSEHOLD%20INCOME%20IN%20THE%20PAST%2012%20MONTHS%20%28IN%202021%20INFLATION-ADJUSTED%20DOLLARS%29&g=0100000US_0100043US_2500000US2430&y=2020&tid=ACSDT5Y2020.B19025&tp=true.

———. “B25048 | PLUMBING FACILITIES FOR OCCUPIED HOUSING UNITS.” B25048. ACS 5-Year Estimates Detailed Tables. United States;Yukon-Koyukuk Census Area, Alaska;Navajo Nation Reservation and Off-Reservation Trust Land, AZ--NM--UT: United States Census Bureau, 2020. https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=B25048%3A%20PLUMBING%20FACILITIES%20FOR%20OCCUPIED%20HOUSING%20UNITS&t=Physical%20Characteristics&g=0100000US_0500000US02290_2500000US2430&tid=ACSDT5Y2020.B25048&tp=true.

———. “S1101 | HOUSEHOLDS AND FAMILIES.” B01003. ACS 5-Year Estimates Detailed Tables. United States;United States -- Rural;Navajo Nation Reservation and Off-Reservation Trust Land, AZ--NM--UT: United States Census Bureau, 2020. https://data.census.gov/table?q=households&g=2500000US2430_010XX43US_010XX00US&y=2020&tid=ACSST5Y2020.S1101&tp=true.

American Embassy in Beijing. “CHRISTIANITY GAINING POPULARITY IN XINJIANG, EVEN.” Wikileaks, June 9, 2006. https://wikileaks.jcvignoli.com/cable_06BEIJING11753.

American Enterprise Institute. “China Global Investment Tracker.” American Enterprise Institute, 2021. https://www.aei.org/china-global-investment-tracker/.

American Public Power Association. “Light Up the Navajo Nation.” American Public Power Association, 2022. https://www.publicpower.org/LightUpNavajo.

Amin, Samir. Beyond US Hegemony? Assessing the Prospects for a Multipolar World. Translated by Patrick Camiller. New York: Zed Books Ltd, 2006.

———. “China 2013.” Monthly Review 64, no. 10 (March 1, 2013). https://monthlyreview.org/2013/03/01/china-2013/.

———. Delinking: Towards a Polycentric World. Translated by Michael Wolfers. English Edition. London: Zed Books Ltd, 1990.

———. “Samir Amin: How to defeat the Collective Imperialism of the Triad, An exclusive interview for Katehon.” Kana’an Online, January 9, 2016. https://kanaanonline.org/en/2018/08/17/samir-amin-how-to-defeat-the-collective-imperialism-of-the-triad-an-exclusive-interview-for-katehon/.

Amnesty International. “‘Like We Were Enemies in a War’: China’s Mass Internment, Torture, and Persecution of Muslims in Xinjiang.” Amnesty International, June 10, 2021. https://xinjiang.amnesty.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/ASA_17_4137-2021_Full_report_ENG.pdf.

Amundsen, Bård. “The Richest Norwegians Pay the Least Taxes.” Science Norway, September 30, 2020. https://sciencenorway.no/economy-income-money/the-richest-norwegians-pay-the-least-taxes-1/1749237.

Anand, Ash. “Vietnam’s Horrific Legacy: The Children of Agent Orange.” News.Com.Au, May 25, 2015. https://www.news.com.au/world/asia/vietnams-horrific-legacy-the-children-of-agent-orange/news-story/c008ff36ee3e840b005405a55e21a3e1.

Anderlini, Jamil and Clea Caulcutt. “Europe Must Resist Pressure to Become ‘America’s Followers,’ Says Macron.” Politico, April 9, 2023. https://www.politico.eu/article/emmanuel-macron-china-america-pressure-interview/.

Ansari, Ali M. “The Myth of the White Revolution: Mohammad Reza Shah, ‘Modernization’ and the Consolidation of Power.” Middle Eastern Studies 37, no. 3 (July 1, 2001): 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1080/714004408.

Apple Inc. “Apple Reports Record First Quarter Results.” Quarterly. Apple Inc., January 27, 2015. https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2015/01/27Apple-Reports-Record-First-Quarter-Results/.

———. “Apple Supplier List, Fiscal Year 2020.” Supplier List. Apple Inc., 2021. https://www.apple.com/supplier-responsibility/pdf/Apple-Supplier-List.pdf.

Apple, R.W., Jr. “Engineer, 73, Might Head a Khomeini Rule.” The New York Times, January 23, 1979. https://www.nytimes.com/1979/01/23/archives/engineer-73-might-head-a-khomeini-rule-a-longtime-friend-of.html.

Applebaum, Anne. “THE BAD GUYS ARE WINNING.” The Atlantic, November 15, 2021. https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2021/12/the-autocrats-are-winning/620526/.

———. “THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE MUST DIE.” The Atlantic, November 14, 2022. https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2022/12/putin-russia-must-lose-ukraine-war-imperial-future/671891/.

Aquino, Marco and Kylie Madry. “Peru President Urges Congress to Bring Elections Forward amid Deadly Protests.” Reuters, December 17, 2022. https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/peru-president-urges-congress-pass-bill-bring-elections-forward-amid-protests-2022-12-17/.

Arkhipov, Ilya. “Putin’s Approval Rating Slips Amid Covid Surge, Ukraine Tensions.” Bloomberg, December 2, 2021. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-12-02/putin-s-approval-rating-slips-amid-covid-surge-ukraine-tensions.

Armah, Frederick Ato, Sheila A. Boamah, Reginald Quansah, Samuel Obiri, and Isaac Luginaah. “Working Conditions of Male and Female Artisanal and Small-Scale Goldminers in Ghana: Examining Existing Disparities.” The Extractive Industries and Society 3, no. 2 (April 1, 2016): 464–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exis.2015.12.010.

Army University Press. “WayPoint in 2028 – Multidomain Operations.” Video, December 3, 2021. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OUZp01CjdiI

Arrighi, Giovanni. “World Income Inequalities and the Future of Socialism.” New Left Review, no. 189 (Sept./Oct. 1991). https://newleftreview.org/issues/i189/articles/giovanni-arrighi-world-income-inequalities-and-the-future-of-socialism.pdf.

Artisanal Gold Council. “The Effect of Changing Gold Prices on Artisanal Mining.” Non-profit organization. Artisanal Gold Council, 2022. https://artisanalgold.org/the-effect-of-changing-gold-prices-on-artisanal-mining/.

Asahina, Hiroshi. “Japan Greenlights $8.6bn to Host U.S. Troops.” Nikkei, March 26, 2022. https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/International-relations/Japan-greenlights-8.6bn-to-host-U.S.-troops.

Associated Press. “8 Dead after Knife Attack in China’s Western Xinjiang Region.” Associated Press, February 14, 2017. https://apnews.com/article/5acbc859202b4b73903456fa78128d00.

———. “Is Beijing Bullying Thai Police? Bangkok Blast Investigation Has Veered Sharply Away from Uygur Link.” South China Morning Post, September 15, 2015. https://www.scmp.com/news/asia/southeast-asia/article/1858100/beijing-bullying-thai-police-bangkok-blast-investigation.

———. “Mexico in Talks with Mining Companies about Lithium.” AP News, January 12, 2023. https://apnews.com/article/metals-and-mining-mexico-government-caribbean-city-023409f2830f7fc453e190cf69c30cc3.

Atta-Asamoah, Andrews. “Proceed with Caution: Africa’s Growing Foreign Military Presence.” Institute for Security Studies, August 27, 2019. https://issafrica.org/iss-today/proceed-with-caution-africas-growing-foreign-military-presence.

Atwood, Kylie and Ryan Browne. “Former Army Delta Force Officer, US Ambassador Sign Secretive Contract to Develop Syrian Oil Fields.” CNN, August 5, 2020. https://www.cnn.com/2020/08/05/politics/syria-secretive-oil-contract-delta-force-ambassador/index.html.

Australian Broadcasting Corporation. “Kim Jong-Un Haircut Now Compulsory for North Korean Students, Reports Claim.” Australian Broadcasting Corporation, March 26, 2014. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-03-27/an-north-korea-men-must-have-kim-jong-un-hair/5348626.

Australian Strategic Policy Institute. “Jobs at ASPI: ICPC Data Analyst.” Australian Strategic Policy Institute, February 1, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220201034927/https://www.aspi.org.au/jobs-at-ASPI/ICPC-data-analyst.

Avedon, John F. “Tibet Today: Current Conditions and Prospects.” HIMALAYA 7, no. 2 (1987): 1–10.

Avolon. “Avolon Completes US$10.38 Billion Acquisition of CIT Group Aircraft Leasing Business.” Avolon, April 4, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170523132000/http://avolon.aero/avolon-completes-us10-38-billion-acquisition-of-cit-group-aircraft-leasing-business/.

Bachelet, Michelle. “Statement by UN High Commissioner for Human Rights Michelle Bachelet after Official Visit to China.” United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, May 28, 2022. https://www.ohchr.org/en/statements/2022/05/statement-un-high-commissioner-human-rights-michelle-bachelet-after-official.

Badkar, Mamta. “22 Chinese People Who Were Handed The Death Sentence For White Collar Crime.” Business Insider, July 15, 2013. https://www.businessinsider.com/chinese-white-collar-criminals-death-sentence-2013-7.

Baev, Pavel K. “Time for the West to Think about How to Engage with Defeated Russia.” The Talbott Papers on Implications of Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine. Brookings Institution, November 15, 2022. https://www.brookings.edu/articles/time-for-the-west-to-think-about-how-to-engage-with-defeated-russia/.

Bai Tiantian. “Xinjiang Bombing ‘More Characteristic of Intl Terror.’” Global Times, May 5, 2014, English edition. https://www.globaltimes.cn/content/858394.shtml.

Baidu Baike. “乌鲁木齐 (Ürümqi).” In Baidu Baike. Baidu, Incorporated, September 30, 2022. https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E4%B9%8C%E9%B2%81%E6%9C%A8%E9%BD%90/121593.

———. “昆明站 (Kunming Railway Station).” In Baidu Baike. Baidu, Incorporated, September 30, 2022. https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E6%98%86%E6%98%8E%E7%AB%99/7255669.

Baker, Peter. “Chinese-Brokered Deal Upends Mideast Diplomacy and Challenges U.S.” The New York Times, June 13, 2023. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/11/us/politics/saudi-arabia-iran-china-biden.html.

Banco Central de Venezuela. “Producto interno bruto por sector institucional (Gross domestic product by institutional sector).” Banco Central de Venezuela, 2022. http://www.bcv.org.ve/estadisticas/producto-interno-bruto.

Baptista, Eduardo. “Arrest of Macau’s ‘junket Mogul’ Rattles the World’s Largest Gambling Hub.” Reuters, November 30, 2021. https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/macau-gambling-group-suncitys-shares-hit-record-low-after-chairman-arrested-2021-11-30/.

Barajas, Angela. “Colombia Clears Path for Former FARC Members to Hold Office.” CNN, April 28, 2017. https://www.cnn.com/2017/04/28/americas/colombia-farc-senate/index.html.

Barboza, David. “China Sets Sentences in Brawl Tied to Riot.” The New York Times, October 11, 2009. https://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/12/world/asia/12china.html.

Bardsley, Daniel. “China Shifts to More ‘authentic’ Arabian-Style Mosques.” The National, July 17, 2012. https://www.thenationalnews.com/uae/china-shifts-to-more-authentic-arabian-style-mosques-1.389123.

Barrons, Richard. “Ukraine Cannot Win against Russia Now, but Victory by 2025 Is Possible.” Financial Times, September 2, 2023. https://www.ft.com/content/be5d133b-e757-4615-881f-256337f05b6c.

Baschuk, Bryce. “WTO Says Trump’s Metals Tariffs Broke Rules as US Rejects Findings.” Bloomberg, December 9, 2022. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-12-09/wto-says-trump-s-metals-tariffs-broke-rules-us-rejects-findings.

BBC. “Abimael Guzmán: Peru’s Shining Path Guerrilla Leader Dies at 86.” British Broadcasting Corporation, September 11, 2021. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-49110427.

———. “Bolivia Election: Protests as Evo Morales Officially Declared Winner.” British Broadcasting Corporation, October 25, 2019. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-50178188.

———. “China Overtakes Germany as UK’s Top Import Market.” British Broadcasting Corporation, May 26, 2021. https://www.bbc.com/news/business-57236714.

———. “China Says Interpol Seeks Arrest of Tycoon Guo Wengui.” British Broadcasting Corporation, April 20, 2017. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-39650877.

———. “Venezuela Man Set Alight at Anti-Government Protest Dies.” British Broadcasting Corporation, June 5, 2017. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-40157729.

BBC News Mundo. “Perú: 3 claves para entender la sorpresiva renuncia de Guido Bellido a la presidencia del Consejo de Ministros (Peru: 3 keys to understanding the surprising resignation of Guido Bellido to the presidency of the Council of Ministers).” British Broadcasting Corporation, October 6, 2021. https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-america-latina-58824034.

Becenti, Arlyssa D. “With $1B in Recovery Funds, Navajo Nation Will Upgrade Infrastructure and Create New Jobs.” The Arizona Republic, July 2, 2022. https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/local/arizona/2022/07/02/navajo-nation-spend-1-billion-federal-covid-money-infrastructure/7789728001/.

Behdad, Sohrab. “Winners and Losers of the Iranian Revolution: A Study in Income Distribution.” International Journal of Middle East Studies 21, no. 3 (1989): 327–58. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020743800032542.

Beijing Review. “China Honors Role Models in Poverty Eradication Campaign.” China Insight, 2021.

Bennetts, Marc. “We Fund Russian Democracy Protesters, Boasts US Group.” The Sunday Times, May 19, 2021. https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/russian-pranksters-trick-us-officials-into-boasting-about-funding-protests-hbtwtvg6n.

Bermingham, Finbarr and Jevans Nyabiage. “1 Year on, EU Alternative to China’s Belt and Road Fails to Deliver.” South China Morning Post, December 31, 2022. https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3204431/one-year-eu-alternative-chinas-belt-and-road-fails-deliver.

Bernstein, Carl. “Cover Story: The Holy Alliance.” Time, June 24, 2001. http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,159069,00.html.

———. “The Holy Alliance.” The New York Times, November 2, 1997, sec. 7. https://www.nytimes.com/1997/11/02/books/l-the-holy-alliance-759864.html.

Better Cotton Initiative. “2020 Annual Report.” Annual Report. Better Cotton Initiative, September 2021. https://bettercotton.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/BCI-2020AnnualReport.pdf.

“Biden Has Overturned Trump’s ‘Muslim Travel Ban.’ Activists Say That’s Not Enough.” Weekend Edition. National Public Radio, March 6, 2021. https://www.npr.org/2021/03/06/974339586/biden-has-overturned-trumps-muslim-travel-ban-activists-say-thats-not-enough.

“Biden Said the G-7 Would Counter Chinese Influence. This Year, He’ll Try Again.” National Public Radio. National Public Radio, June 24, 2022. https://www.npr.org/2022/06/24/1106979380/g7-summit-2022-germany-global-infrastructure.

Biglaiser, Glen, and Ronald J. McGauvran. “The Effects of IMF Loan Conditions on Poverty in the Developing World.” Journal of International Relations and Development 25, no. 3 (September 1, 2022): 806–33. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41268-022-00263-1.

Black, David. “Kremlin Threat to US-Yukos Deal.” The Guardian, August 3, 2003. https://www.theguardian.com/business/2003/aug/04/russia.oilandpetrol.

Blanchard, Ben. “China Tightens Web Screws after Xinjiang Riot.” Reuters, July 6, 2009. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-xinjiang-internet/china-tightens-web-screws-after-xinjiang-riot-idUSTRE5651K420090706.

———. “Syria Says up to 5,000 Chinese Uighurs Fighting in Militant Groups.” Reuters, May 11, 2017. https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-mideast-crisis-syria-china-idUSKBN1840UP.

Blinken, Antony J. “The Administration’s Approach to the People’s Republic of China.” U.S., Department of State, May 26, 2022. https://www.state.gov/the-administrations-approach-to-the-peoples-republic-of-china/.

Bloomberg. “Netherlands Eyes New Curbs on Selling Chipmaking Gear to China in Deal with US.” South China Morning Post, December 8, 2022. https://www.scmp.com/news/world/europe/article/3202509/netherlands-eyes-new-curbs-selling-chipmaking-gear-china-deal-us.

Bloomberg News. “China Executes 14 Billionaires in 8 Years, Culture News Reports.” Bloomberg, July 22, 2011. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2011-07-23/china-executes-14-billionaires-in-8-years-culture-news-reports.

———. “China’s Gasoline Demand to Peak Early on Fast Adoption of EVs.” Bloomberg, August 4, 2023. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-08-04/china-s-gasoline-demand-to-peak-early-on-fast-adoption-of-evs.

———. “China’s Ghost Cities Are Finally Stirring to Life After Years of Empty Streets.” Bloomberg, September 1, 2021. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2021-09-01/chinese-ghost-cities-2021-binhai-zhengdong-new-districts-fill-up.

———. “China Jails Almost 50 Steel Executives for Faking Emissions Data.” Bloomberg, January 27, 2022. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-01-28/china-jails-almost-50-steel-executives-for-faking-emissions-data.

———. “China Pollution Crackdown Exposes Rule Breakers in Top Steel Hub.” Bloomberg, March 11, 2021. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-03-12/china-pollution-crackdown-exposes-rule-breakers-in-top-steel-hub.

———. “China Sentences Ex-Chairman of Hengfeng Bank to Death.” Bloomberg, December 26, 2019. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-12-27/china-sentences-ex-chairman-of-troubled-hengfeng-bank-to-death.

———. “China Weighs Mortgage Grace Period to Appease Angry Homebuyers.” Bloomberg, July 18, 2022. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-07-18/china-weighs-mortgage-grace-period-to-appease-angry-homebuyers.

———. “China’s 40-Year, Billion-Tree Project Is a Lesson for the World.” Financial Review, September 15, 2020. https://www.afr.com/world/asia/china-s-40-year-billion-tree-project-is-a-lesson-for-the-world-20200915-p55vnk.

———. “China’s Solar Boom Is Already Accelerating Past Last Year’s Record Surge.” Bloomberg, May 22, 2023. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-05-22/china-s-solar-power-boom-is-accelerating-past-last-year-s-record-surge.

———. “UN Expert Finds Forced Labor Claims in China’s Xinjiang Credible.” Bloomberg, August 16, 2022. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-08-17/un-slavery-expert-says-xinjiang-forced-labor-claims-reasonable.

———. “What Xi Means by ‘Disorderly Capital’ Is $1.5 Trillion Question.” Bloomberg, September 9, 2021. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-09-09/what-xi-means-by-disorderly-capital-is-1-5-trillion-question.

———. “Xi’s Corruption Crackdown Nets Record Number of Top Officials.” Bloomberg, November 16, 2023. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-11-17/xi-s-corruption-crackdown-nets-record-number-of-top-officials.

———. “Xi Warns Missteps on Ethnic Issues Would ‘Destabilize’ China.” Bloomberg, March 6, 2022. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-03-07/xi-warns-missteps-on-ethnic-issues-would-destabilize-china.

Bluhm, Richard, Axel Dreher, Andreas Fuchs, Bradley Parks, Austin Strange, and Michael Tierney. “Connective Financing: Chinese Infrastructure Projects and the Diffusion of Economic Activity in Developing Countries.” Working Paper. Williamsburg, Virginia: AidData at the College of William & Mary, September 11, 2018. https://www.aiddata.org/publications/connective-finance-chinese-infrastructure-projects.

Bochkov, Danil. “Russia and China Are Aligning Their Visions for a Multipolar World, and Eyeing New Supporters.” South China Morning Post, November 2, 2022. https://www.scmp.com/comment/opinion/article/3197901/russia-and-china-are-aligning-their-visions-multipolar-world-and-eyeing-new-supporters.

Bodner, Matthew. “Russia’s 8 Most Memorable Davos Moments.” The Moscow Times, January 22, 2014. https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2014/01/22/russias-8-most-memorable-davos-moments-a31309.

Boric Font, Gabriel (@GabrielBoric). “El litio es el mineral del futuro, usado en millones de aparatos electrónicos. Chile no puede cometer nuevamente el histórico error de privatizar los recursos y para esto crearemos la Empresa Nacional del Litio, generando empleos en los yacimientos y un sello chileno al producto.” Tweet. Twitter, December 1, 2021. https://twitter.com/gabrielboric/status/1466099333204373504.

Boughton, James M. “Will Cuba Rejoin the IMF?” World Economic Forum, January 9, 2015. https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2015/01/will-cuba-rejoin-the-imf/.

Bradsher, Keith. “Jobs, Houses and Cows: China’s Costly Drive to Erase Extreme Poverty.” The New York Times, December 31, 2020. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/31/world/asia/china-poverty-xi-jinping.html.

Brandolini, Alberto (@ziobrando). “The Bullshit Asimmetry: The Amount of Energy Needed to Refute Bullshit Is an Order of Magnitude Bigger than to Produce It.” Tweet. Twitter, January 10, 2013. https://twitter.com/ziobrando/status/289635060758507521.

Branigan, Tania. “China and Cars: A Love Story.” The Guardian, December 14, 2012. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/dec/14/china-worlds-biggest-new-car-market.

———. “China Jails Writer for 15 Years for ‘Endangering State Security.’” The Guardian, July 25, 2010. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jul/25/writer-jailed-15-years.

———. “Han Chinese Launch Revenge Attacks on Uighur Property.” The Guardian, July 7, 2009. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/jul/07/fresh-protests-break-out-china.

Branigin, William. “Iran Announces Takeover of All Private Banks.” The Washington Post, June 9, 1979. https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1979/06/09/iran-announces-takeover-of-all-private-banks/5d0c16a1-da45-43bf-bf8a-91a5562bf6bb/.

Brautigam, Deborah. “A Critical Look at Chinese ‘Debt-Trap Diplomacy’: The Rise of a Meme.” Area Development and Policy 5, no. 1 (2020): 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/23792949.2019.1689828.

———. “BBC Misrepresents My Views on ‘Debt Trap Diplomacy.’” NGO. The China-Africa Research Initiative Blog (blog), December 1, 2021. http://www.chinaafricarealstory.com/2021/12/bbc-misrepresents-my-views-on-debt-trap.html.

———. The Dragon’s Gift: The Real Story of China in Africa. New York: Oxford University Press Inc., 2009.

Bray, Chad. “Nike’s Former Supplier Esquel Group Scores a Rare Win in a Bid to Remove Xinjiang Unit from US Forced-Labour Sanctions List.” South China Morning Post, August 4, 2021. https://www.scmp.com/business/companies/article/3143728/hong-kongs-esquel-group-scores-win-its-bid-get-xinjiang-unit.

Bray, Sean. “Corporate Tax Rates around the World, 2021.” The Tax Foundation, December 9, 2021. https://taxfoundation.org/publications/corporate-tax-rates-around-the-world/.

Bremer, Catherine and Emmanuel Jarry. “France’s Hollande in Tight Spot on Pension Reform.” Reuters, July 21, 2013. https://www.reuters.com/article/france-pensions-hollande/frances-hollande-in-tight-spot-on-pension-reform-idINDEE96K05C20130721.

Brzezinski, Zbigniew. “Normandy Evasion.” The Washington Post, May 3, 1994. https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/1994/05/03/normandy-evasion/2e71305f-228e-48b8-951e-7671d6bf7613/.

B’Tselem. “Planning Policy in the West Bank.” B’Tselem, February 6, 2019. https://www.btselem.org/planning_and_building.

Buckley, Chris and Steven Lee Myers. “China Said It Closed Muslim Detention Camps. There’s Reason to Doubt That.” The New York Times, August 9, 2019. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/09/world/asia/china-xinjiang-muslim-detention.html.

Bucsky, Péter and Tristan Kenderdine. “The Ferghana Valley Railway Should Never Be Built.” Washington, D.C.: Middle East Institute, March 17, 2020. https://www.mei.edu/publications/ferghana-valley-railway-should-never-be-built.

Bureau of Indian Affairs. “About Us.” Government. US Department of the Interior: Indian Affairs, 2022. https://www.bia.gov/about-us.

Bureau of Industry and Security. “Commerce Implements New Export Controls on Advanced Computing and Semiconductor Manufacturing Items to the People’s Republic of China (PRC).” U.S. Department of Commerce, October 7, 2022. https://www.bis.doc.gov/index.php/documents/about-bis/newsroom/press-releases/3158-2022-10-07-bis-press-release-advanced-computing-and-semiconductor-manufacturing-controls-final/file.

Bureau of Labor Statistics. “Union Members — 2017.” News Release. US Department of Labor, January 19, 2018. https://www.bls.gov/news.release/archives/union2_01192018.pdf.

———. “Union Members — 2020.” News Release. US Department of Labor, January 22, 2021. https://www.bls.gov/news.release/archives/union2_01222021.pdf.

———. “Union Members — 2022.” News Release. US Department of Labor, January 19, 2023. https://www.bls.gov/news.release/pdf/union2.pdf.

Busby, Mattha. “Four-Fifths of Sudan’s £861m Debt to UK Is Interest.” The Guardian, March 28, 2021. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/mar/28/four-fifths-of-sudans-861m-debt-to-uk-is-interest.

Busch, Berthold, Björn Kauder, and Samina Sultan. “Wer finanziert die EU? Nettozahler und Nettoempfänger in der EU [Who finances the EU? Net contributors and net recipients in the EU].” IW-Report. Cologne: German Economic Institute, November 2, 2022. https://www.iwkoeln.de/en/studies/berthold-busch-bjoern-kauder-samina-sultan-net-contributors-and-net-recipients-in-the-eu.html.

Bush, George W. “Text: President Bush Addresses the Nation.” The Washington Post, September 20, 2001. https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/nation/specials/attacked/transcripts/bushaddress_092001.html.

Busvine, Douglas and Fayaz Bukhari. “Kashmiris Wary as Modi Challenges for Power.” Reuters, April 23, 2014. https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-india-election-kashmir-idINKBN0D918E20140423.

Butt, Naveed. “Economic Corridor: China to Extend Assistance at 1.6 Percent Interest Rate.” Business Recorder, September 3, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20151117081205/http://www.brecorder.com/market-data/stocks-a-bonds/0/1223449/.

Calderwood, Kathleen. “Yang Huiyan Is Country Garden’s Billionaire Heiress, but Her Fortune Was Just Cut in Half.” Australian Broadcasting Corporation, August 24, 2023. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-08-25/country-garden-heiress-has-fortune-cut-in-half/102758274.

Cambero, Fabian. “Former Protest Leader Boric Seeks to Bury Chile’s ‘neoliberal’ Past.” Reuters, November 17, 2021. https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/former-protest-leader-boric-seeks-bury-chiles-neoliberal-past-2021-11-17/.

Cano, Regina Garcia. “Venezuela’s Gov, Opponents Resume Talks; US Eases Sanction.” AP News, November 26, 2022. https://apnews.com/article/health-business-mexico-canada-0a65ff7f76930b3dcce43729fe08cb23.

Card, Matt. “Trump Is Right to Protect U.S. Manufacturers. Here’s How He Could Help Us.” The Washington Post, November 24, 2017. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/posteverything/wp/2017/11/24/trump-is-right-to-protect-u-s-manufacturers-heres-how-he-could-help-us/.

Carlson, Elwood and Sergey Tsvetarsky. “Birthweight and Infant Mortality in Bulgaria’s Transition Crisis.” Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology 14, no. 2 (April 2000): 159–62. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3016.2000.00242.x.

Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. “Sanctions Decade: Assessing UN Strategies in the 1990s.” Non-profit organization. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace (blog), April 18, 2000. https://carnegieendowment.org/2000/04/18/sanctions-decade-assessing-un-strategies-in-1990s-event-50.

Castro Ruz, Fidel. Fidel Castro Speaks on Marxism-Leninism: Dec. 2, 1961. PRISM: Political & Rights Issues & Social Movements Collection. New York: Fair Play for Cuba Committee, 1962. https://ucf.digital.flvc.org/islandora/object/ucf%3A5073.

———. “Discurso pronunciado por Fidel Castro Ruz, Presidente de la República de Cuba, en la ceremonia de condecoración con la Orden ‘José Martí’, a Hu Jintao, Secretario General del Partido Comunista de China y Presidente de la República Popular China, en el Palacio de la Revolución, el 23 de noviembre de 2004. (Speech given by Fidel Castro Ruz, President of the Republic of Cuba, at the award ceremony of the Order of José Martí to Hu Jintao, Secretary General of the Communist Party of China and President of the People’s Republic of China, at the Palace of the Revolution, on November 23, 2004.).” Speech, Havana, Cuba, November 23, 2004. http://www.cuba.cu/gobierno/discursos/2004/esp/f231104e.html.

———. “Speech at Red Square.” Speech, Moscow, April 28, 1963. http://lanic.utexas.edu/project/castro/db/1963/19630428.html.

Cendrowski, Scott. “China’s Global 500 Companies Are Bigger than Ever—and Mostly State-Owned.” Fortune, July 22, 2015. https://fortune.com/2015/07/22/china-global-500-government-owned/.

Central Bank of the Russian Federation. “Dashboards ‘Direct Investment Positions by Geographical Region, Partner Country, Instrument and Industry.’” Financial. Central Bank of the Russian Federation (English), January 1, 2022. https://www.cbr.ru/eng/statistics/macro_itm/svs/npi/.

———. “Direct Investment Cumulative Positions of the Russian Federation by Instrument (Directional Principle).” Central Bank of the Russian Federation, 2022. https://www.cbr.ru/vfs/eng/statistics/credit_statistics/direct_investment/71e-dir_inv.xlsx.

Central Committee of the Communist Party of China. “中国共产党中央委员会关于发展农业生产合作社的决议 (Resolution of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on the Development of Agricultural Production Cooperatives).” People’s Daily, January 9, 1954. http://www.71.cn/2011/0930/632197.shtml.

Central Intelligence Agency. “Libya.” The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency, January 12, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220114084405/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/libya/.

Cereseto, Shirley and Howard Waitzkin. “Economic Development, Political-Economic System, and the Physical Quality of Life.” American Journal of Public Health 76, no. 6 (1986): 661–66. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.76.6.661.

Cerrón, Vladimir (@VLADIMIR_CERRON). “Por acuerdo unánime del Partido, Comisión Política y Bancada.” Tweet. Twitter, June 28, 2022. https://twitter.com/VLADIMIR_CERRON/status/1541986750163288064.

Cerulus, Laurens and Sarah Wheaton. “How Washington Chased Huawei out of Europe.” Politico, November 23, 2022. https://www.politico.eu/article/us-china-huawei-europe-market/.

CGTN America. “China Points to Suicide Blast in Urumqi Attack.” CGTN America, April 30, 2014. https://america.cgtn.com/2014/04/30/explosion-shakes-xinjiang-train-station.

CGTN (@CGTNOfficial). “Picture: Injured Passengers Sent for Medical Treatment after #terror Attack at a Railway Station in #Xinjiang on Wed.” Tweet. Twitter, April 30, 2014. https://twitter.com/CGTNOfficial/status/461570089452453888.

Chae Yun-hwan. “U.S. Strategic Bomber B-52 Lands at S. Korean Air Base for 1st Time.” Yonhap News Agency, October 17, 2023. https://en.yna.co.kr/view/AEN20231017005300315.

Chao, Rebecca. “Why Do Chinese Billionaires Keep Ending Up in Prison?” The Atlantic, January 29, 2013. https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2013/01/why-do-chinese-billionaires-keep-ending-up-in-prison/272633/.

Chávez, Hugo. Hugo Chávez Speech in La Habana. 1994. La Habana, Cuba, 1994. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lFzbqFcePp8

Chen, Andrea. “Bangkok Bomb Linked to East Turkestan Islamic Movement, as Chinese Media Stops Downplaying Issue Due to Sensitivities over Uygurs.” South China Morning Post, September 9, 2015. https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy-defence/article/1856783/bangkok-bomb-linked-east-turkestan-islamic-movement.

Chen, Lulu Yilun. “Jack Ma Plans to Give Up Control of Ant, Dow Jones Says.” Bloomberg, July 28, 2022. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-07-28/jack-ma-plans-to-give-up-control-of-ant-dow-jones-says.

Chen, Ting and James Kai-sing Kung. “Busting the ‘Princelings’: The Campaign Against Corruption in China’s Primary Land Market.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics 134, no. 1 (February 2019): 185–226. https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjy027.

Chen Xianyi and Sun Feiyang. “This Is a Great Struggle.” Red Sails, January 21, 2022. https://redsails.org/this-is-a-great-struggle/.

Chen, Yawen. “China Property Market Faces More Nationalisation.” Reuters, December 5, 2021. https://www.reuters.com/markets/asia/china-property-market-faces-more-nationalisation-2021-12-06/.

Chen, Yunnan, Sun, Irene Yuan, Ukaejiofo, Rex Uzonna, Xiaoyang, Tang, and Brautigam, Deborah. “Learning from China?: Manufacturing, Investment, and Technology Transfer in Nigeria.” IFPRI discussion paper. International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), October 2016. https://ideas.repec.org/p/fpr/ifprid/1565.html.

Cheng Enfu and Lu Baolin. “Five Characteristics of Neoimperialism.” Monthly Review, May 1, 2021. https://monthlyreview.org/2021/05/01/five-characteristics-of-neoimperialism/.

Cheng, Evelyn. “China’s Xi Says Trade with Russia Expected to Hit New Records in the Coming Months.” CNBC, June 17, 2022. https://www.cnbc.com/2022/06/17/chinas-xi-says-trade-with-russia-to-hit-new-records-in-coming-months.html.

Cheng Leng and Edward White. “Xi Jinping Tightens Financial Sector Control as New Super-Regulator Takes Shape.” Financial Times, October 25, 2023. https://www.ft.com/content/14d601cb-2121-48a2-a47a-6244257f538c.

Chi Zhang. “One Uighur Man’s Journey Goes Viral.” Foreign Policy, May 14, 2014. https://foreignpolicy.com/2014/05/14/one-uighur-mans-journey-goes-viral/.

Children Underground. Documentary. Childhope International, 2001.

Childs, Geoff, Melvyn C. Goldstein, Ben Jiao, and Cynthia M. Beall. “Tibetan Fertility Transitions in China and South Asia.” Population and Development Review 31, no. 2 (June 2005): 337–49.

Chimere-dan, Orieji. “Apartheid and Demography in South Africa.” Etude de La Population Africaine (African Population Studies), no. 7 (April 1992): 26–36. https://doi.org/10.11564/7-0-419.

“China Cracks Down On Reporters, Potential Protesters.” Morning Edition. National Public Radio, March 4, 2011. https://www.npr.org/2011/03/04/134253874/China-Update.

China Daily. “Railways Set Service Goals for New Year.” English China News Service, January 5, 2021. http://www.ecns.cn/m/business/2021-01-05/detail-ihafkemm6621175.shtml.

“China Ethnic Unrest Kills 156.” All Things Considered. National Public Radio, July 6, 2009. https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=106318388.

China Statistical Yearbook 2005. “10-21 Per Capita Net Income of Rural Households by Region.” People’s Republic of China, 2005. http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2005/html/J1021e.htm.

———. “10-22 Per Capita Net Income of Rural Households by Source and by Region (2004).” People’s Republic of China, 2005. http://www.stats.gov.cn/sj/ndsj/2005/html/J1022e.htm.

China Statistical Yearbook 2014. “2-7 Total Population by Urban and Rural Residence and Birth Rate, Death Rate, Natural Growth Rate by Region (2013).” People’s Republic of China, 2014. http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2014/zk/html/Z0207E.htm.

———. “2-11 Age Composition and Dependency Ratio of Population by Region (2013).” People’s Republic of China, 2014. http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2014/zk/html/Z0211E.htm.

———. “4-8 Number of Engaged Persons in Private Enterprises at Year-End by Region (2013).” People’s Republic of China, 2014. http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2014/zk/html/Z0408E.htm.

———. “4-9 Number of Self-Employed Individuals at Year-End by Region (2013).” People’s Republic of China, 2014. http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2014/zk/html/Z0409E.htm.

———. “Explanatory Notes on Main Statistical Indicators.” People’s Republic of China, 2014. http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2014/zk/html/zbe04.jpg.

China Statistical Yearbook 2021. “6-30 Per Capita Disposable Income of Rural Households by Region.” People’s Republic of China, 2021. http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2021/html/E06-30.jpg.

———. “6-31 Per Capita Disposable Income of Rural Households by Source and Region (2020).” People’s Republic of China, 2021. http://www.stats.gov.cn/sj/ndsj/2021/html/E06-31.jpg.

———. “6-36 Poverty Conditions in Rural Areas.” People’s Republic of China, 2021. http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2021/html/E06-36.jpg.

———. “6-37 Realization of Registered Poverty-Stricken Households’ ‘Two Assurances and Three Guarantees’ and Drinking Water Safety (Main Results of National Poverty Relief Census).” People’s Republic of China, 2021. http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2021/html/E06-37.jpg.

———. “7-6 General Public Expenditure by Region (2020).” People’s Republic of China, 2021. http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2021/html/E07-06.jpg.

———. “9-14 Electricity Consumption by Region.” People’s Republic of China, 2021. http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2021/html/E09-14.jpg.

———. “25-18 Principal Aggregate Indicators on National Economic and Social Development in Ethnic Minority Autonomous Regions.” People’s Republic of China, 2021. http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2021/html/E25-18.jpg.

China Statistical Yearbook 2022. “2-5 Population at Year-End by Region.” People’s Republic of China, 2022. http://www.stats.gov.cn/sj/ndsj/2022/html/E02-05.jpg.

———. “2-7 Total Population by Urban and Rural Residence and Birth Rate, Death Rate, Natural Growth Rate by Region (2021).” People’s Republic of China, 2022. http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2022/html/E02-07.jpg.

———. “4-3 Number of Employed Persons by Region (End of 2021).” People’s Republic of China, 2022. http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2022/html/E04-03.jpg.

China Today. “The Communist Party of China (CPC, CCP).” China Today, July 2022. http://www.chinatoday.com/org/cpc/.

Chinese Human Rights Defenders. “China: Massive Numbers of Uyghurs & Other Ethnic Minorities Forced into Re-Education Programs.” Chinese Human Rights Defenders, August 3, 2018. https://www.nchrd.org/2018/08/china-massive-numbers-of-uyghurs-other-ethnic-minorities-forced-into-re-education-programs/.

Chukwu, Ignatius. “N134bn Supreme Court Verdict: Shell Denies Liability, Ready to Go Ahead with Appeal.” Business Day, January 14, 2019. https://businessday.ng/uncategorized/article/n134bn-supreme-court-verdict-shell-denies-liability-ready-to-go-ahead-with-appeal/.

Churchill, Owen. “Esquel Group Sues US over Unit’s Inclusion on ‘Entity List’, as Company’s Chief Says It Faces ‘Devastating Harm.’” South China Morning Post, July 7, 2021. https://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/3140093/esquel-group-sues-us-over-units-inclusion-entity-list-companys-chief.

Clark, Aaron. “Even With Biggest-Ever Climate Bill, US Lags China’s Green Spending.” Bloomberg, August 15, 2022. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-08-15/just-how-big-is-the-374-billion-us-climate-bill-in-global-terms.

Clark, David. “Pew Research on Ocean Plastic Waste and Circular Economy.” Corporate. Amcor Insights (blog), July 23, 2020. https://www.amcor.com/insights/blogs/plastic-waste-study.

Clark, Evan. “Better Cotton Initiative Stops Xinjiang Field Activity.” Women’s Wear Daily, October 21, 2020. https://wwd.com/business-news/government-trade/bci-better-cotton-xinjiang-uyghur-china-field-1234641790/.

———. “Xinjiang’s Cotton Ban Debated in House Hearing.” Women’s Wear Daily, September 17, 2020. https://wwd.com/business-news/financial/uyghur-xinjiang-cotton-ban-debated-in-house-hearing-aafa-1234590595/.

Clarke, M. E. Xinjiang and China’s Rise in Central Asia - A History. Taylor & Francis, 2011. https://books.google.com/books?id=xXSrAgAAQBAJ.

Climate Action Tracker. “China Going Carbon Neutral before 2060 Would Lower Warming Projections by around 0.2 to 0.3 Degrees C.” Press release. Climate Action Tracker, September 23, 2020. https://climateactiontracker.org/press/china-carbon-neutral-before-2060-would-lower-warming-projections-by-around-2-to-3-tenths-of-a-degree/.

Clinton, William J. “Executive Order 12957.” Wikisource, March 15, 1995. https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Executive_Order_12957.

———. “Executive Order 12959.” Wikisource, May 6, 1995. https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Executive_Order_12959.

CNN. “Bush Delivers Ultimatum.” CNN, September 21, 2001. https://edition.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/asiapcf/central/09/20/ret.afghan.bush/.

CNN Wire Staff. “Rebel Leader Calls for ‘immediate Action’ on No-Fly Zone.” CNN, March 10, 2011. http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/africa/03/09/libya.civil.war/.

Cockburn, Alexander. “Libya Rebels: Gaddafi Could Be Right about al-Qaeda.” The Week, March 24, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20180718055143/https://www.theweek.co.uk/6801/libya-rebels-gaddafi-could-be-right-about-al-qaeda.

Cogan, Mark S. “Michelle Bachelet’s Spectacular Fall From Grace.” The Diplomat, August 31, 2022. https://thediplomat.com/2022/08/michelle-bachelets-spectacular-fall-from-grace/.

Colby, Elbridge A. The Strategy of Denial: American Defense in the Age of Great Power Conflict. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2021.

Collins, Chuck. “Updates: Billionaire Wealth, U.S. Job Losses and Pandemic Profiteers.” Inequality.org, May 6, 2022. https://inequality.org/great-divide/updates-billionaire-pandemic/.

Colonelcassad (Boris Rozhin). “По фактам. (‘By the facts.’).” Channel post. Telegram, November 9, 2022. https://t.me/voenkorKotenok/42531.

Committee to Protect Journalists. “Journalists Imprisoned.” NGO. Committee to Protect Journalists, December 1, 2021. https://cpj.org/data/imprisoned/2021/?status=Imprisoned&cc_fips%5B%5D=CH&start_year=2021&end_year=2021&group_by=location.

Communist Party of China. “THE 13TH FIVE-YEAR PLAN FOR ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA (2016-2020).” Translated by Compilation and Translation Bureau, Central Committee of the Communist Party of China. Beijing: Central Compilation & Translation Press, 2016. https://en.ndrc.gov.cn/policies/202105/P020210527785800103339.pdf.

Concerning Violence - Nine Scenes From the Anti-Imperialistic Self-Defense, 2014.

Condon, Bernard and Associated Press. “‘In a Lot of the World, the Clock Has Hit Midnight’: China Is Calling in Loans to Dozens of Countries from Pakistan to Kenya.” Fortune, May 18, 2023. https://fortune.com/2023/05/18/china-belt-road-loans-pakistan-sri-lanka-africa-collapse-economic-instability/.

Conesa, Elsa. “How Marine Le Pen Gave up Economic Liberalism for a ‘social-Populist’ Agenda.” Le Monde, April 21, 2022. https://www.lemonde.fr/en/politics/article/2022/04/21/how-marine-le-pen-gave-up-economic-liberalism-for-a-social-populist-agenda_5981169_5.html.

Cong, Lin William, Haoyu Gao, Jacopo Ponticelli, and Xiaoguang Yang. “Credit Allocation Under Economic Stimulus: Evidence from China.” The Review of Financial Studies 32, no. 9 (September 2019): 3412–60. https://doi.org/10.1093/rfs/hhz008.

Connaughton, Aidan, Nicholas Kent, and Shannon Schumacher. “How People around the World See Democracy in 8 Charts.” Research. Pew Research Center (blog), February 27, 2020. https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/02/27/how-people-around-the-world-see-democracy-in-8-charts/.

Constance. “LEADING COPPER CATHODE EXPORTERS IN DRC: SICOMINES, KCC, AND TFM IN 2022.” Copperbelt Katanga Mining, February 10, 2023. https://copperbeltkatangamining.com/leading-copper-cathode-exporters-in-drc-sicomines-kcc-and-tfm-in-2022.

Cooper, Helene. “Spielberg Drops Out as Adviser to Beijing Olympics in Dispute Over Darfur Conflict.” The New York Times, February 13, 2008. https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/13/world/asia/13china.html.

Corcoran, Kieran. “State Media in China Boasted That Their Healthy Life Expectancy Is Now Better than in the US — and They’re Right.” Business Insider, June 3, 2018. https://www.businessinsider.com/china-boasts-that-its-healthy-life-expectancy-beats-the-us-is-correct-2018-5.

Corder, Mike and Raf Casert. “In a Shock for Europe, Anti-Islam Populist Geert Wilders Records a Massive Win in Dutch Elections.” AP News, November 23, 2023. https://apnews.com/article/netherlands-election-candidates-prime-minister-f31f57a856f006ff0f2fc4984acaca6b.

Coronil, Fernando, and Julie Skurski. “Dismembering and Remembering the Nation: The Semantics of Political Violence in Venezuela.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 33, no. 2 (1991): 288–337. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0010417500017047.

Crawford, Alan and Nariman Gizitdinov. “Putin’s War Is Deepening a Tussle for Influence in Central Asia.” Bloomberg, September 15, 2022. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-09-16/putin-s-war-is-deepening-a-tussle-for-influence-in-central-asia.

Crawford, Neta C. and Catherine Lutz. “Human Cost of Post-9/11 Wars: Direct War Deaths in Major War Zones, Afghanistan & Pakistan (Oct. 2001 – Aug. 2021); Iraq (March 2003 – Aug. 2021); Syria (Sept. 2014 – May 2021); Yemen (Oct. 2002-Aug. 2021) and Other Post-9/11 War Zones.” Costs of War. Watson Institute of International and Public Affairs at Brown University, September 1, 2021. https://watson.brown.edu/costsofwar/figures/2021/WarDeathToll.

Credit Suisse Research Institute. “Global Wealth Report 2014.” Global Wealth Report. Credit Suisse Research Institute, October 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20141016002346/https://publications.credit-suisse.com/tasks/render/file/?fileID=60931FDE-A2D2-F568-B041B58C5EA591A4.

———. “Global Wealth Report 2021.” Global Wealth Report. Credit Suisse Research Institute, June 2021. https://www.credit-suisse.com/about-us/en/reports-research/global-wealth-report.html.

Creed, Ryan. “President Obama Supports Building of Mosque Near Ground Zero.” ABC News, August 14, 2010. https://abcnews.go.com/WN/president-obama-supports-building-mosque-ground/story?id=11401964.

Crescenzi, Riccardo and Nicola Limodio. “The Impact of Chinese FDI in Africa: Evidence from Ethiopia.” London: Institute of Global Affairs at the London School of Economics and Political Science, January 2021. https://www.lse.ac.uk/iga/assets/documents/research-and-publications/FDI-in-Ethiopia-Crescenzi-Limodio.pdf.

Cropsey, Seth. “The U.S. Should Show It Can Win a Nuclear War.” The Wall Street Journal, April 27, 2022. https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-us-show-it-can-win-a-nuclear-war-russia-putin-ukraine-nato-sarmat-missile-testing-warning-11651067733.

Cunningham, Edward, Tony Saich, and Jessie Turiel. “Understanding CCP Resilience: Surveying Chinese Public Opinion Through Time.” Harvard Kennedy School: Ash Center for Democratic Governance and Innovation, July 2020. https://ash.harvard.edu/publications/understanding-ccp-resilience-surveying-chinese-public-opinion-through-time.

Curiel, John and Jack R. Williams. “Bolivia Dismissed Its October Elections as Fraudulent. Our Research Found No Reason to Suspect Fraud.” The Washington Post, February 27, 2020. https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/02/26/bolivia-dismissed-its-october-elections-fraudulent-our-research-found-no-reason-suspect-fraud/.

Curtis, Glenn E., ed. “Foreign Economic Relations.” In Russia: A Country Study, 1996th ed. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Publishing Office for the Library of Congress, 1996. http://countrystudies.us/russia/67.htm.

Curtis, Mark and Tim Jones. “Honest Accounts 2017: How the World Profits from Africa’s Wealth.” Global Justice Now and partners, 2017. https://www.globaljustice.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/honest_accounts_2017_web_final_updated.pdf.

Daily Mail Reporter. “The Ghost Towns of China: Amazing Satellite Images Show Cities Meant to Be Home to Millions Lying Deserted.” Daily Mail, December 18, 2010. https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1339536/Ghost-towns-China-Satellite-images-cities-lying-completely-deserted.html.

Dash, Leon. “Guinea’s Longtime President, Ahmed Sekou Toure, Dies.” The Washington Post, March 28, 1984. https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1984/03/28/guineas-longtime-president-ahmed-sekou-toure-dies/18f31685-878c-4759-8028-3bef7fbc568b/.

Daum, Werner. “Universalism and the West: An Agenda for Understanding.” Harvard International Review 23, no. 2 (Summer 2001): 19–23.

Davidson, Helen. “Chinese Agents Operating Abroad to Get Uyghurs Deported, ICC Told.” The Guardian, November 11, 2021. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/nov/11/chinese-agents-operating-abroad-to-get-uyghurs-deported-icc-told.

Davis, Anthony. “Wa an Early Winner of Myanmar’s Post-Coup War.” Asia Times, February 22, 2022. https://asiatimes.com/2022/02/wa-an-early-winner-of-myanmars-post-coup-war/.

Dawkins, David. “Here’s How Big A Hit Russia’s Billionaires Have Taken In The Past Year.” Forbes, April 5, 2022. https://www.forbes.com/sites/daviddawkins/2022/04/05/heres-how-big-a-hit-russias-billionaires-have-taken-in-the-past-year.

de Guzman, Chad. “China Knew It Couldn’t Escape Politics at the Olympics Opening Ceremony. It Didn’t Try.” Time, February 4, 2022. https://time.com/6145179/beijing-olympics-opening-ceremony-politics/.

Dean, Grace. “Russia Said It’s Pushing Ahead with Building a Massive Natural-Gas Pipeline to China as Western Sanctions Rock Its Economy.” Business Insider, March 1, 2022. https://www.businessinsider.com/russia-china-gas-pipeline-sanctions-ukraine-putin-gazprom-soyuz-vostok-2022-3.

Dean, Jason. “Ex-Gome Chairman Sentenced to 14 Years in Prison.” The Wall Street Journal, May 18, 2010. https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703315404575251271890222924.

Democratic Republic of the Congo. “Protocole d’accord entre la République Démocratique du Congo et le groupement des Entreprises Chinoises (Memorandum of Understanding between the Democratic Republic of Congo and the group of Chinese companies).” The Carter Center, September 2007. https://congomines.org/system/attachments/assets/000/000/274/original/B8-Sicomines-2007-ProtocoleDAccordConsortiumEntreprisesChinoises-RDC.pdf?1430928299.

Dempsey, Harry and Sun Yu. “China’s Independent Refiners Start Buying Russian Oil at Steep Discounts.” Financial Times, May 3, 2022. https://www.ft.com/content/4f277a24-d681-421a-9c94-29d6fd448b20.

Deng Xiaoping. Deng Xiaoping, “Interview With Mike Wallace Of 60 Minutes,” Sept. 2, 1986, September 2, 1986. https://china.usc.edu/deng-xiaoping-interview-mike-wallace-60-minutes-sept-2-1986.

———. “The Question of Minority Nationalities in the Southwest.” The Selected Works of Deng Xioaping, July 21, 1950. https://dengxiaopingworks.wordpress.com/2013/02/22/the-question-of-minority-nationalities-in-the-southwest/.

Department of Homeland Security. “DHS Cracks Down on Goods Produced by China’s State-Sponsored Forced Labor.” Department of Homeland Security, September 14, 2020. https://www.dhs.gov/news/2020/09/14/dhs-cracks-down-goods-produced-china-s-state-sponsored-forced-labor.

Desai, Dhaval. “China’s High-Speed Railways Plunge from High Profits into a Debt Trap.” The China Chronicles. Observer Research Foundation, June 23, 2021. https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/chinas-high-speed-railways-plunge-from-high-profits-into-a-debt-trap/.

Deych, T. L. “China in Africa: A Case of Neo-Colonialism or a Win-Win Strategy?” Outlines of Global Transformations: Politics, Economics, Law, 2019, 63–82. https://doi.org/10.23932/2542-0240-2018-11-5-119-141.

Dickinson, Elizabeth. “New Order.” Foreign Policy, December 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20091023085544/https://foreignpolicy.com/articles/2009/10/19/new_order.

Ding, Luz. “China Starts Work on Huge $11 Billion Desert Renewables Project.” Bloomberg, December 28, 2022. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-12-29/china-starts-work-on-huge-11-billion-desert-renewables-project.

Dolan, Kerry A. “Forbes’ 35th Annual World’s Billionaires List: Facts And Figures 2021.” Forbes, April 6, 2021. https://www.forbes.com/sites/kerryadolan/2021/04/06/forbes-35th-annual-worlds-billionaires-list-facts-and-figures-2021.

Dong, Ensheng, Hongru Du, and Lauren Gardner. “An Interactive Web-Based Dashboard to Track COVID-19 in Real Time.” The Lancet: Infectious Diseases 20, no. 5 (May 1, 2020): 533–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30120-1.

Dou, Eva and Cate Cadell. “As Crackdown Eases, China’s Xinjiang Faces Long Road to Rehabilitation.” The Washington Post, September 23, 2022. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/09/23/china-xinjiang-crackdown-uyghurs-surveillance/.

Dube, Ryan. “Lithium Miners Slump as Chile Unveils State-Led Policy.” The Wall Street Journal, April 21, 2023. https://www.wsj.com/articles/lithium-miners-slump-as-chile-unveils-state-led-policy-784895a8.

Dugin, Aleksandr. Foundations of Geopolitics. Moscow: Arktogeja, 1997. https://www.maieutiek.nl/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Foundations-of-Geopolitics.pdf.

———. The Theory of a Multipolar World. Translated by Michael Millerman. London: Arktos Media Ltd., 2020.

Duxbury, Charlie. “‘Selfish’ Norway Accused of Ukraine War-Profiteering.” Politico, September 15, 2022. https://www.politico.eu/article/short-sighted-selfish-norway-accused-profiting-war-ukraine-putin-gas-gazprom-nord-stream-energy-emergency/.

Eagle, Jenny. “Amcor Flexibles to Open Philippines Factory.” Food Navigator, October 29, 2014. https://www.foodnavigator-asia.com/Article/2014/10/29/Amcor-Flexibles-to-open-Philippines-factory.

Earle, Peter C. “De-Dollarization Has Begun.” American Institute for Economic Research, April 4, 2023. https://www.aier.org/article/de-dollarization-has-begun/.

Earp, Madeline. “In China, a Debate on Press Rights.” Beijing: Committee to Protect Journalists, October 19, 2010. https://cpj.org/reports/2010/10/in-china-a-debate-on-press-rights/.

East Turkistan National Awakening Movement. “Genocide.” East Turkistan National Awakening Movement, 2022. https://nationalawakening.org/concentration-camps-and-genocide/.

Easter, Gerald M. Capital, Coercion, and Postcommunist States. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 2012.

Eisen, Arlene. “Racism Sin Vergüenza in the Venezuelan Counter-Revolution.” Venezuelanalysis.Com, March 27, 2014. https://venezuelanalysis.com/analysis/10547.

Eisner, Peter. “Aristide Back in Caribbean Heat.” The Washington Post, March 16, 2004. https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2004/03/16/aristide-back-in-caribbean-heat/4cca5ada-0281-4468-91bb-7c21f0778666/.

El-Erian, Mohamed A. “VI Mexico’s External Debt Policies, 1982–90.” In Mexico: The Strategy to Achieve Sustained Economic Growth, 98. Occasional Papers. International Monetary Fund, 1992. https://www.elibrary.imf.org/view/books/084/04618-9781557753120-en/ch06.xml.

Elliott, Mark. “The Case of the Missing Indigene: Debate Over a ‘Second-Generation’ Ethnic Policy.” The China Journal 73 (January 1, 2015): 186–213. https://doi.org/10.1086/679274.

Ellner, Steve. Rethinking Venezuelan Politics: Class, Conflict, and the Chávez Phenomenon. Boulder, Colorado: Lynne Rienner Publishers, Inc., 2008.

———. “The Radical Potential of Chavismo in Venezuela: The First Year and a Half in Power.” Latin American Perspectives 28, no. 5 (September 2001): 5–32.

Eltahir, Nafisa, Karin Strohecker, and David Lawder. “Sudan Approved for Debt Relief, $2.5 Billion Funding by IMF.” Reuters, June 29, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210630055006/https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/sudan-crosses-last-hurdle-towards-debt-relief-sudanese-official-2021-06-28/.

Embassy of the People’s Republic of China in the Republic of South Africa. “Q&A; on the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China.” Consulate-General of the People’s Republic of China in Cape Town, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20220627110324/https://www.mfa.gov.cn/ce/cgct//eng/xwdt/t1506815.htm.

Emmanuel, Arghiri. Unequal Exchange: A Study of the Imperialism of Trade. Second Printing. New York and London: Monthly Review Press, 1972.

Enache, Cristina. “Wealth Taxes in Europe.” The Tax Foundation, April 19, 2022. https://taxfoundation.org/net-wealth-tax-europe-2022/.

Enos, Olivia. “Ms. Bachelet—Don’t Go To Xinjiang.” The Heritage Foundation, April 6, 2022. https://www.heritage.org/asia/commentary/ms-bachelet-dont-go-xinjiang.

Eugene Rumer and Andrew S. Weiss. “It’s Time to End Magical Thinking About Russia’s Defeat.” The Wall Street Journal, November 16, 2023. https://www.wsj.com/world/russia/its-time-to-end-magical-thinking-about-russias-defeat-f6d0b8de.

Eurasianet. “Uzbekistan: Temperatures Plummet, Tempers Soar.” Eurasianet, January 20, 2021. https://eurasianet.org/uzbekistan-temperatures-plummet-tempers-soar.

Evans-Pritchard, Ambrose. “China’s CO2 Emissions May Be Falling Already, in a Watershed Moment for the World.” The Telegraph, November 21, 2023. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2023/11/21/chinas-carbon-emissions-falling-xi-jinping-net-zero/.

Ezrati, Milton. “China’s Latin America Move.” Forbes, November 7, 2022. https://www.forbes.com/sites/miltonezrati/2022/11/07/chinas-latin-america-move/.

Faiola, Anthony and Marina Dias. “Bolsonaro Backers Storm Congress, Court, Presidential Office in Brazil’s Capital.” The Washington Post, January 8, 2023. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/01/08/bolsonaro-invade-congress-lula/.

Fairless, Tom. “Europeans Are Becoming Poorer. ‘Yes, We’Re All Worse Off.’” The Wall Street Journal, July 17, 2023. https://www.wsj.com/amp/articles/europeans-poorer-inflation-economy-255eb629.

Fallaci, Oriana. “Deng: Cleaning Up Mao’s ‘Feudal Mistakes.’” The Washington Post, August 31, 1980. https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/1980/08/31/deng-cleaning-up-maos-feudal-mistakes/4e684a74-8083-4e43-80e4-c8d519d8b772/.

Fanon, Frantz. The Wretched of the Earth. Translated by Constance Farrington. New York: Grove Press, 1963.

Farand, Chloe. “Revealed: UK Ministers Lobbied Nigeria’s Government to Protect Oil Giant Shell.” DeSmog, January 24, 2017. https://www.desmog.com/2017/01/24/revealed-uk-ministers-lobbied-nigeria-government-protect-oil-giant-shell/.

Farge, Emma. “UN Rights Chief ‘under Tremendous Pressure’ over Report on China’s Uyghurs.” Reuters, August 25, 2022. https://www.reuters.com/world/china/un-rights-chief-hopes-publish-xinjiang-report-before-mandate-ends-2022-08-25/.

Farge, Emma and Wendell Roelf. “Michelle Bachelet, U.N. Rights Chief, Says No to Second Term amid China Trip Backlash.” Reuters, June 13, 2022. https://www.reuters.com/world/un-rights-chief-says-she-will-not-seek-second-term-2022-06-13/.

Farrer, Martin and Vincent Ni. “Mortgage Strikes Threaten China’s Economic and Political Stability.” The Guardian, July 19, 2022. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jul/19/mortgage-strikes-threaten-chinas-economic-and-political-stability.

Farrow, Ronan and Mia Farrow. “The ‘Genocide Olympics.’” The Wall Street Journal, March 28, 2007. https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB117505109799351409.

Fassihi, Farnaz and Steven Lee Myers. “China, With $400 Billion Iran Deal, Could Deepen Influence in Mideast.” The New York Times, March 27, 2021. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/27/world/middleeast/china-iran-deal.html.

Faulconbridge, Guy. “Russian Billionaire Fridman to Contest ‘groundless’ EU Sanctions.” Reuters, March 1, 2022. https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/russias-fridman-aven-contest-spurious-eu-sanctions-2022-03-01/.

Federal Bureau of Investigation. “Uniform Crime Report.” Federal Bureau of Investigation, 2001. https://ucr.fbi.gov/hate-crime/2001.

Federative Republic of Brazil, Russian Federation, Republic of India, People’s Republic of China, and Republic of South Africa. “Agreement on the New Development Bank.” New Development Bank, July 15, 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20160926230441/http://ndb.int/download/Agreement%20on%20the%20New%20Development%20Bank.pdf.

“Female Imams Blaze Trail Amid China’s Muslims.” All Things Considered. National Public Radio, July 21, 2010. https://www.npr.org/2010/07/21/128628514/female-imams-blaze-trail-amid-chinas-muslims.

Feng, Ashley. “We Can’t Tell If Chinese Firms Work for the Party.” Foreign Policy, February 7, 2019. https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/02/07/we-cant-tell-if-chinese-firms-work-for-the-party/.

Feng, John. “Nearly Twice As Many Countries Support China’s Human Rights Policies Than Are Against It.” Newsweek, October 8, 2020. https://www.newsweek.com/70-un-nations-support-china-human-rights-policies-1537327.

Feng, Venus. “Property Tycoons Lose $65 Billion After China Curbs Excesses.” Bloomberg, June 6, 2022. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-06-06/property-tycoons-lose-65-billion-after-china-curbs-excesses.

Fenton, Anthony. U.S. Gvt. Channels Millions Through National Endowment for Democracy to Fund Anti-Lavalas Groups in Haiti, January 23, 2006. https://www.democracynow.org/2006/1/23/u_s_gvt_channels_millions_through.

Ferris, Nick. “Weekly Data: China’s Nuclear Pipeline as Big as the Rest of the World’s Combined.” Energy Monitor, December 20, 2021. https://www.energymonitor.ai/sectors/power/weekly-data-chinas-nuclear-pipeline-as-big-as-the-rest-of-the-worlds-combined/.

Fifield, Anna. “As Repression Mounts, China under Xi Jinping Feels Increasingly like North Korea.” The Washington Post, September 28, 2020. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/china-muslims-xinjiang-north-korea-repression/2020/09/28/ad2fefd8-f316-11ea-8025-5d3489768ac8_story.html.

———. “China Compels Uighurs to Work in Shoe Factory That Supplies Nike.” The Washington Post, February 29, 2020. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/china-compels-uighurs-to-work-in-shoe-factory-that-supplies-nike/2020/02/28/ebddf5f4-57b2-11ea-8efd-0f904bdd8057_story.html.

Financial Tribune. “Gov’t Reiterates Plan to Privatize IKCO, SAIPA.” Financial Tribune, June 24, 2019. https://financialtribune.com/articles/auto/98624/gov-t-reiterates-plan-to-privatize-ikco-saipa.

———. “Power Plant Privatizations Reach 55%, More to Come.” Financial Tribune, August 16, 2017. https://financialtribune.com/articles/energy/70500/power-plant-privatizations-reach-55-more-to-come.

Fiscaldata.treasury.gov. “How Much Revenue Has the U.S. Government Collected This Year?” US Department of the Treasury, June 2023. https://fiscaldata.treasury.gov/americas-finance-guide/government-revenue/#.

Fisher, Max. “No, Kim Jong Un Probably Didn’t Feed His Uncle to 120 Hungry Dogs.” The Washington Post, January 3, 2014. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2014/01/03/no-kim-jong-un-probably-didnt-feed-his-uncle-to-120-hungry-dogs/.

Fisher, Ryan. “There’s No Such Thing as Too Many Electric-Car Chargers in China.” Bloomberg, June 20, 2023. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-06-20/there-s-no-such-thing-as-too-many-electric-car-chargers-in-china.

Fishman, David. “China Is Going to Use Less Coal, despite Reports to the Contrary.” The China Project, September 21, 2023. https://thechinaproject.com/2023/09/21/china-is-going-to-use-less-coal-despite-reports-to-the-contrary/.

———. “China Coal: Nine Questions.” FAQ. The Lantou Group, August 9, 2022. https://lantaugroup.com/file/FAQ_China_Coal_aug22.pdf.

Fitch Ratings. “Chinese Banks and RMBS Could See Minor Impact from Push to Lower Mortgage Rates.” Fitch Wire, August 1, 2023. https://www.fitchratings.com/research/banks/chinese-banks-rmbs-could-see-minor-impact-from-push-to-lower-mortgage-rates-01-08-2023.

Foer, Franklin. “Biden Will Be Guided by His Zionism.” The Atlantic, October 10, 2023. https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2023/10/israel-hamas-war-biden/675592/.

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. “Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020.” Main report. Rome: Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, 2020. https://www.fao.org/3/ca9825en/CA9825EN.pdf.

Forbes. “Profile: Changpeng Zhao.” Forbes, 2021. https://www.forbes.com/profile/changpeng-zhao/.

———. “Profile: Neil Shen.” Forbes, 2021. https://www.forbes.com/profile/neil-shen/.

———. “Profile: Yu Yong.” Forbes, 2021. https://www.forbes.com/profile/yu-yong/.

———. “Profile: Zhang Lei.” Forbes, 2021. https://www.forbes.com/profile/zhang-lei-1/.

———. “The Global 2000.” Forbes, 2022. https://www.forbes.com/lists/global2000.

———. “World’s Billionaires List: The Richest in 2021.” Forbes, 2021. https://www.forbes.com/billionaires/.

———. “World’s Billionaires List: The Richest in 2022.” Forbes, 2022. https://www.forbes.com/billionaires/.

Forster, Timon, Alexander E. Kentikelenis, Thomas H. Stubbs, and Lawrence P. King. “Globalization and Health Equity: The Impact of Structural Adjustment Programs on Developing Countries.” Health Inequalities: The Emerging Field of Comparative Cross-National Research on Social Inequalities in Health 267 (December 1, 2020): 112496. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.112496.

Foster, Peter. “Eyewitness: Tensions High on the Streets of Urumqi.” The Telegraph, July 7, 2009. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/china/5769839/Eyewtiness-tensions-high-on-the-streets-of-Urumqi.html.

Fox, Michael. “Venezuela News Summary #77.” Venezuelanalysis.Com, March 18, 2009. https://venezuelanalysis.com/audio/4303.

Francis, Krishan. “Sri Lanka Leader Says IMF Deal Imminent after China’s Pledge.” AP News, March 7, 2023. https://apnews.com/article/sri-lanka-debt-imf-china-8f419b49be56365cb2f59b210f0a9f19.

Freedom House. “Countries and Territories.” Democracy Scores. Freedom House, 2023. https://freedomhouse.org/countries/nations-transit/scores.

Freier, Nathan P., Colonel (Ret.) Christopher M. Bado, Dr. Christopher J. Bolan, Colonel (Ret.) Robert S. Hume, and Colonel J. Matthew Lissner. “At Our Own Peril: DoD Risk Assessment in a Post-Primacy World.” Monograph. US Army War College: Strategic Studies Institute, June 29, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170706040513/https://ssi.armywarcollege.edu/pubs/display.cfm?pubID=1358.

Freking, Kevin. “US Homelessness up 12% to Highest Reported Level as Rents Soar and Coronavirus Pandemic Aid Lapses.” AP News, December 15, 2023. https://apnews.com/article/homelessness-increase-rent-hud-covid-60bd88687e1aef1b02d25425798bd3b1?taid=657c9a1942181e00015ef145.

Friedman, George. The Next 100 Years: A Forecast for the 21st Century. New York: Doubleday, 2009.

Fu, Beimeng. “China Wiped The Name Of A Man Killed By ISIS From The Internet.” Buzzfeed News, November 18, 2015. https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/beimengfu/the-chinese-government-censored-the-name-of-a-man-isis-claim.

Fukuyama, Francis. “The End of History?” The National Interest, 1989.

Fundación Interpreta. “Las cuentas detrás de las fake news sobre la modificación de los símbolos patrios en la Convención Constitucional (The accounts behind the fake news about the modification of the national symbols in the Constitutional Convention).” Fundación Interpreta, November 30, 2021. https://plataformacontexto.cl/contexto_factual/las-cuentas-detras-de-las-fake-news-sobre-la-modificacion-de-los-simbolos-patrios-en-la-convencion-constitucional/.

G5iO. “How the Uyghur Issue Has Been Framed Across Global Media - A Snapshot.” Analytics and Projections. Islamabad: Islamabad Policy Research Institute, September 2021. https://g5io.org/g5-content/uploads/2021/11/G5iO-How-the-Uyghur-Issue-Has-Been-Framed-Across-Global-Media-A-Snapshot.pdf.

Gage, Nicholas. “PROTESTERS MARCH FOR 2D DAY IN IRAN; VIOLENCE IS LIMITED.” The New York Times, December 12, 1978, sec. A. https://www.nytimes.com/1978/12/12/archives/protesters-march-for-2d-day-in-iran-violence-is-limited-halfmillion.html.

Galeano, Eduardo. Open Veins of Latin America. Translated by Cedric Belfrage. 25th Anniversary. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1997. https://library.uniteddiversity.coop/More_Books_and_Reports/Open_Veins_of_Latin_America.pdf.

Gallo, Alessandro. “China, the Green Wall Which Will Stop the Desert Advancing.” Environmental. Ecobnb (blog), July 10, 2019. https://ecobnb.com/blog/2019/07/china-the-new-green-wall-which-will-stop-the-desert-advancing/.

Gardner, Matthew and Steve Wamhoff. “55 Corporations Paid $0 in Federal Taxes on 2020 Profits.” Institute on Taxation and Economic Policy, April 2, 2021. https://itep.org/55-profitable-corporations-zero-corporate-tax/.

Garrison, Cassandra. “On South America’s Largest Solar Farm, Chinese Power Radiates.” Reuters, April 22, 2019. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-argentina-china-solar-insight/on-south-americas-largest-solar-farm-chinese-power-radiates-idUSKCN1RZ0B2.

Gebauer, Matthias and Marina Kormbaki. “Vorbereitung auf »aufgezwungenen Krieg« – Bundeswehr soll deutlich kampfkräftiger werden (Preparation for ‘forced war’ - Bundeswehr should become significantly more powerful).” Der Spiegel, November 14, 2022. https://archive.ph/2Y8iM.

Gergely, Brückner. “Orbán Is Requesting the EU Loan: After Four Big Blows, Hungary Has Decided That Cheap Money Is Better than Expensive Money.” Telex, March 25, 2022. https://telex.hu/english/2022/03/25/orban-is-requesting-the-eu-loan-after-four-big-blows-hungary-has-decided-that-cheap-money-is-better-than-expensive-money.

Gershman, Carl. “Former Soviet States Stand up to Russia. Will the U.S.?” The Washington Post, September 26, 2013. https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/former-soviet-states-stand-up-to-russia-will-the-us/2013/09/26/b5ad2be4-246a-11e3-b75d-5b7f66349852_story.html.

Ghanaian Times. “Ghana Loses over $2bn in Taxes to Undervaluation of Gold Exports.” Business Ghana, January 29, 2022. https://www.businessghana.com/site/news/business/255478/Ghana-loses-over-2bn-in-taxes-to-undervaluation-of-gold-exports.

Ghanmi, Lamine. “Libya Aims to Privatise Half of Economy in Decade.” Reuters, March 31, 2010. https://www.reuters.com/article/ozatp-libya-privatisation-20100331-idAFJOE62U0EF20100331.

Ghosh, Shinjini. “Delhi Violence ‘One-Sided, Well-Planned’, Says Minorities Panel.” The Hindu, March 4, 2020. https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/delhi-violence-one-sided-well-planned-says-minorities-panel/article30979785.ece.

Gibbons-Neff, Thomas. “Nazi Symbols on Ukraine’s Front Lines Highlight Thorny Issues of History.” The New York Times, June 5, 2023. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/06/05/world/europe/nazi-symbols-ukraine.html.

Gitau, Purity. “Africa Prefers Chinese Infrastructure Projects - IREN Study.” The Star, July 22, 2022. https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2022-07-22-africa-prefers-chinese-infrastructure-projects-iren-study/.

Glencore. “Glencore Reaches Agreement with the Democratic Republic of Congo over Past Conduct.” Business. Glencore (blog), December 5, 2022. https://www.glencore.com/media-and-insights/news/glencore-reaches-agreement-with-the-democratic-republic-of-congo-over-past-conduct.

Global Times. “Strength in Organization.” Global Times, June 30, 2021. https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/202106/1227469.shtml.

Gluschenko, Konstantin. “Costs of Living and Real Incomes in the Russian Regions.” MPRA Paper. Novosibirsk State University: Institute of Economics and Industrial Engineering of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, January 30, 2022. https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/111774/.

Goh, Brenda. “China Orders Communist Party Members to Resolve Conflicts of Interest as Top Hangzhou Official Probed.” Reuters, August 22, 2021. https://www.reuters.com/world/china/china-orders-communist-party-members-resolve-conflicts-interest-top-hangzhou-2021-08-23/.

Gohlke, David, Yan Zhou, Xinyi Wu, and Calista Courtney. “Assessment of Light-Duty Plug-in Electric Vehicles in the United States, 2010 – 2021.” US Department of Energy, November 2022. https://publications.anl.gov/anlpubs/2022/11/178584.pdf.

Goldstein, Melvyn C. A History of Modern Tibet, Vol. 4: In the Eye of the Storm: 1957-1959. Oakland: University of California Press, 2019.

Goldstein, Melvyn C., Ben Jiao (Benjor), Cynthia M. Beall, and Phuntsog Tsering. “Fertility and Family Planning in Rural Tibet.” The China Journal, no. 47 (January 2002): 19–39. https://doi.org/10.2307/3182072.

Goldstein, Melvyn C., and Cynthia M. Beall. “Change and Continuity in Nomadic Pastoralism on the Western Tibetan Plateau.” Nomadic Peoples, no. 28 (1991): 105–22.

———. “China’s Birth Control Policy in the Tibet Autonomous Region: Myths and Realities.” Asian Survey 31, no. 3 (March 1991): 285–303. https://doi.org/10.2307/2645246.

———. “The Impact of China’s Reform Policy on the Nomads of Western Tibet.” Asian Survey 29, no. 6 (June 1989): 619–41. https://doi.org/10.2307/2644756.

———. “The Remote World of Tibet’s Nomads.” National Geographic, June 1989.

Gordon, Deborah and Shannon Hughes. “Reality Check: Natural Gas’s True Climate Risk.” Rocky Mountain Institute, July 13, 2023. https://rmi.org/reality-check-natural-gas-true-climate-risk/.

Gould, Joe and Bryant Harris. “Lawmakers Seek Emergency Powers for Pentagon’s Ukraine War Contracting.” Defense News, October 17, 2022. https://www.defensenews.com/congress/2022/10/17/lawmakers-seek-emergency-powers-for-pentagons-ukraine-war-contracting/.

Graham, Thomas. “Bolivia’s Dream of a Lithium Future Plays out on High-Altitude Salt Flats.” The Guardian, January 25, 2023. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jan/25/bolivia-lithium-mining-salt-flats.

Grant, Stan. “To Understand China You Need to Understand Whiteness, yet It’s Missing from the Conversation.” Australian Broadcasting Corporation, October 15, 2022. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-10-16/race-and-whiteness-key-to-understanding-xi-jinpings-china/101536024.

Gratius, Susanne. “Assessing Democracy Assistance: Venezuela.” Project. Assessing Democracy Assistance. World Movement for Democracy and Fundación para las Relaciones Internacionales y el Diálogo Exterior (FRIDE), May 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20110813085612/http://centrodealerta.org/documentos_desclasificados/fride_report_on_funding_in_.pdf.

Greenhouse, Steven. “POLAND IS GRANTED LARGE CUT IN DEBT.” The New York Times, March 16, 1991. https://www.nytimes.com/1991/03/16/business/poland-is-granted-large-cut-in-debt.html.

Greenwald, Glenn and Victor Pougy. “HIDDEN PLOT: Exclusive: Brazil’s Top Prosecutors Who Indicted Lula Schemed in Secret Messages to Prevent His Party From Winning 2018 Election.” The Intercept, June 9, 2019. https://theintercept.com/2019/06/09/brazil-car-wash-prosecutors-workers-party-lula/.

Griffith, Rasheed. “How U.S. Banks Push the Caribbean Toward China.” China Brief 21, no. 17 (September 10, 2021). https://jamestown.org/program/how-u-s-banks-push-the-caribbean-toward-china/.

Grigg, Angus. “The Thomas Edison of China Gives Donald Trump Ideas on Reviving Coal Sector.” Financial Review, January 20, 2017. https://www.afr.com/work-and-careers/management/the-thomas-edison-of-china-gives-trump-ideas-on-reviving-coal-sector-20170117-gtt1ic.

Groom, Nichola. “Prison Labor Helps U.S. Solar Company Manufacture at Home.” Reuters, June 9, 2015. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-solar-prison-suniva-insight/prison-labor-helps-u-s-solar-company-manufacture-at-home-idUSKBN0OQ0DT20150610.

Gulchehra and Joshua Lipes. “Relocation of Ancient Uyghur Village Ruse to Assimilate Residents, Appropriate Resources: Experts.” Radio Free Asia, December 10, 2020. https://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/village-12102020150137.html.

Gupta, Shekhar. “In Modi’s AMU Pitch to Muslims, Retreat from Party Politics Hurting Foreign Policy Interests.” The Print, December 26, 2020. https://theprint.in/national-interest/in-modis-amu-pitch-to-muslims-retreat-from-party-politics-hurting-foreign-policy-interests/.

Haider, Mehtab. “China Converts $230m Loan for Gwadar Airport into Grant.” Geo News, September 23, 2015. https://www.geo.tv/latest/6270-china-converts-230m-loan-for-gwadar-airport-into-grant.

Hali, S M. “Exposing the Occident’s Baseless Lies about Xinjiang.” Daily Times, February 13, 2021. https://dailytimes.com.pk/723317/exposing-the-occidents-baseless-lies-about-xinjiang.

———. “Has China Eliminated Extreme Poverty?” The News International, January 4, 2021. https://www.thenews.com.pk/amp/768971-has-china-eliminated-extreme-poverty.

Hall, Brad. “The Day They Paved the Roads in Phoenix for the First Time, 1911.” History. History Adventuring, August 15, 2017. http://www.historyadventuring.com/2017/08/the-day-they-paved-roads-in-phoenix-for.html.

Han, Bochen. “Want to Improve US-China Relations? Bring Back Fulbright Programme, Advocates Say.” South China Morning Post, April 28, 2023. https://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/3218645/want-improve-us-china-relations-bring-back-fulbright-programme-advocates-say.

Han, Yawen, and David Cassels Johnson. “Chinese Language Policy and Uyghur Youth: Examining Language Policies and Language Ideologies.” Journal of Language, Identity & Education 20, no. 3 (May 4, 2021): 183–96. https://doi.org/10.1080/15348458.2020.1753193.

Hancock, Tom. “Marxism Makes a Comeback in China’s Crackdown on ‘Disorderly Capital.’” Bloomberg, June 6, 2022. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2022-06-06/marxism-makes-a-comeback-in-china-s-crackdown-on-disorderly-capital.

Hannon, Paul. “Russian Car Makers Hit Hardest as Factory Output Falls After Ukraine Sanctions.” The Wall Street Journal, June 1, 2022. https://www.wsj.com/articles/russian-car-makers-hit-hardest-as-factory-output-falls-after-ukraine-sanctions-11654107839.

Harden, Blaine. “The U.S. War Crime North Korea Won’t Forget.” The Washington Post, March 24, 2015. https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/the-us-war-crime-north-korea-wont-forget/2015/03/20/fb525694-ce80-11e4-8c54-ffb5ba6f2f69_story.html.

Harding, Luke. “Is Abramovich at Last Paying the Price for Being Too Close to Putin?” The Guardian, May 21, 2018. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/may/21/is-abramovich-paying-price-for-being-too-close-to-putin.

Harlan, Chico and Stefano Pitrelli. “Right-Wing Victory in Italy Expected to Bring Swift Changes to Migration.” The Washington Post, September 26, 2022. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/09/26/italy-meloni-right-wing-migration/.

Harris, Craig and Dennis Wagner. “The Navajo Nation Accepted More than $1 Billion for Houses. So, Where Did It Go?” The Arizona Republic, December 14, 2016. https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/local/arizona-investigations/2016/12/14/navajo-housing-federal-funds/94563354/.

Harris, Lee. “Congress Proposes $500 Million for Negative News Coverage of China.” The American Prospect, February 9, 2022. https://prospect.org/politics/congress-proposes-500-million-for-negative-news-coverage-of-china/.

Hart, Melanie, Luke Bassett, and Blaine Johnson. “Everything You Think You Know About Coal in China Is Wrong.” Center for American Progress, May 15, 2017. https://www.americanprogress.org/article/everything-think-know-coal-china-wrong/.

Hasmath, Reza, and Jennifer Hsu. China in an Era of Transition: Understanding Contemporary State and Society Actors. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009.

Hayley, Andrew. “China Completes First Yuan-Settled LNG Trade.” Reuters, March 28, 2023. https://www.nasdaq.com/articles/china-completes-first-yuan-settled-lng-trade.

He, Laura. “3 Ways China and Russia Are Forging Much Closer Economic Ties.” CNN, September 15, 2022. https://www.cnn.com/2022/09/15/economy/china-russia-closer-ties-sco-summit-intl-hnk.

———. “China Launches Antitrust Investigation into Alibaba.” CNN, December 24, 2020. https://edition.cnn.com/2020/12/24/tech/alibaba-china-antitrust-investigation/index.html.

———. “The Super Rich Rises As China Begins Leadership Transition.” Forbes, November 7, 2012. https://www.forbes.com/sites/laurahe/2012/11/07/the-super-rich-rises-as-china-begins-leadership-transition/.

He, Xianjie, Oliver M. Rui, and Tusheng Xiao. “The Price of Being a Billionaire in China: Evidence Based on Hurun Rich List,” July 10, 2012. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2102998.

Hedlund, Stefan. “Scenarios for a Postwar Russia: Survival or Collapse?” Politics. Geopolitical Intelligence Services, October 10, 2022. https://www.gisreportsonline.com/r/postwar-russia/.

Heng Shao. “Explosion Hits Urumqi Right After President Xi Jinping’s Visit.” Forbes, April 30, 2014. https://www.forbes.com/sites/hengshao/2014/04/30/explosion-hits-urumqi-right-after-president-xi-jinpings-visit.

Henneberg, Sabina. “The Libyan National Transition Council.” Chapter 4 in Managing Transition: The First Post-Uprising Phase in Tunisia and Libya, Cambridge University Press, 2020, 99–146. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108895729.004.

Herreria, Carla. “Venezuelan President Unharmed After Assassination Attempt By Explosive Drones.” MSN, August 5, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180805112659/https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/venezuelan-president-unharmed-after-assassination-attempt-by-explosive-drones/ar-BBLuTGw.

Hiatt, Fred. “In China, Every Day Is Kristallnacht.” The Washington Post, November 3, 2019. https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2019/11/03/china-every-day-is-kristallnacht/.

Hickel, Jason, Christian Dorninger, Hanspeter Wieland, and Intan Suwandi. “Imperialist Appropriation in the World Economy: Drain from the Global South through Unequal Exchange, 1990–2015.” Global Environmental Change 73 (March 1, 2022): 102467. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2022.102467.

Hickel, Jason, Dylan Sullivan, and Huzaifa Zoomkawala. “Plunder in the Post-Colonial Era: Quantifying Drain from the Global South Through Unequal Exchange, 1960–2018.” New Political Economy 26, no. 6 (November 2, 2021): 1030–47. https://doi.org/10.1080/13563467.2021.1899153.

Hindustan Times. “‘Past Is Past’: Dalai Lama Says Tibet Wants to Stay with China, Wants Development.” Hindustan Times, November 23, 2017. https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/past-is-past-dalai-lama-says-tibet-wants-to-stay-with-china-wants-development/story-1G6YiP0ZUhImWNgUmLbjUN.html.

———. “PLA Modernises Xinjiang’s Military Units in ‘reaction’ to India-China LAC Row.” Hindustan Times, May 17, 2021. https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/pla-modernises-xinjiang-s-military-units-in-reaction-to-india-china-lac-row-101621231048385.html.

Holder, Sarah, Fola Akinnibi, and Christopher Cannon. “‘We Have Not Defunded Anything’: Big Cities Boost Police Budgets.” Bloomberg, September 22, 2020. https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/2020-city-budget-police-defunding/.

Holmes, Oliver and Peter Beaumont. “Israeli Police Storm Al-Aqsa Mosque Ahead of Jerusalem Day March.” The Guardian, May 10, 2021. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/may/10/dozens-injured-in-clashes-over-israeli-settlements-ahead-of-jerusalem-day-march.

Holt, Pat M. Interview #5: Fulbright and the Bay of Pigs, October 27, 1980. https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/resources/pdf/Holt_interview_5.pdf.

“HONG KONG’S FUTURE IN THE BALANCE: ERODING AUTONOMY AND CHALLENGES TO HUMAN RIGHTS.” Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Publishing Office, May 15, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20200930021210/https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-116hhrg37154/html/CHRG-116hhrg37154.htm.

Hong Kong Legislative Council Research Office. “Socioeconomic Implications of Home Ownership for Hong Kong.” Research Brief Issue no. 2 (2020–2021). Hong Kong: Legislative Council Secretariat, March 1, 2021. https://www.legco.gov.hk/research-publications/english/2021rb02-socioeconomic-implications-of-home-ownership-for-hong-kong-20210301-e.pdf.

Honourable Saka. “Africans Will Remember Gaddafi For One Important Achievement.” Modern Ghana, November 17, 2012. https://www.modernghana.com/news/430695/africans-will-remember-gaddafi-for-one-important.html.

Horn, Sebastian, Bradley C. Parks, Carmen M. Reinhart, and Christoph Trebesch. “China as an International Lender of Last Resort.” NBER Working Paper No. 31105. Cambridge, Mass.: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER). March 28, 2023. https://www.aiddata.org/publications/china-as-an-international-lender-of-last-resort.

Hoskins, Peter. “China Cuts Key Interest Rate as Recovery Falters.” British Broadcasting Corporation, August 21, 2023. https://www.bbc.com/news/business-66567085.

Hsieh, Chang-Tai and Zheng (Michael) Song. NBER Working Paper No. 31105. Cambridge, Mass.: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER). National Bureau of Economic Research, March 2015. https://doi.org/10.3386/w21006.

Hu Angang, Hu Linlin, and Chang Zhixiao. “China’s Economic Growth and Poverty Reduction (1978–2002),” 2005. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230505759_3.

Huang Jingjing. “Beijing to Honor Founders of Three Internet Giants.” People’s Daily, November 26, 2018. http://en.people.cn/n3/2018/1126/c90000-9522161.html.

Huang, Tianlei, Nicolas Véron, and David Xu. “The Private Sector Advances in China: The Evolving Ownership Structures of the Largest Companies in the Xi Jinping Era.” Working Paper. Peterson Institute for International Economics, March 2022. https://www.piie.com/sites/default/files/documents/wp22-3.pdf.

Hudson, Michael. Super Imperialism: The Origin and Fundamentals of U.S. World Dominance. Second. London and Sterling, Virginia: Pluto Press, 2003.

Human Rights Watch. “China: Big Data Fuels Crackdown in Minority Region.” Human Rights Watch, February 26, 2018. https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/02/26/china-big-data-fuels-crackdown-minority-region.

Huntington, Samuel P. “The Clash of Civilizations?” Foreign Affairs 72, no. 3 (1993): 22–49. https://doi.org/10.2307/20045621.

Huo, Jinwei, Xinhuan Zhang, Zhiping Zhang, and Yaning Chen. “Research on Population Development in Ethnic Minority Areas in the Context of China’s Population Strategy Adjustment.” Sustainability 12, no. 19 (2020). https://doi.org/10.3390/su12198021.

Hurley, Lawrence. “Supreme Court Rules against Navajo Nation in Water Rights Dispute.” NBC News, June 22, 2023. https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/supreme-court/supreme-court-rules-navajo-nation-water-rights-dispute-rcna83584.

Hyde, Sarah. The Transformation of the Japanese Left: From Old Socialists to New Democrats. 1st ed. London: Routledge, 2009. https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9780203874356/transformation-japanese-left-sarah-hyde.

IANS. “Russia Forecasts 7.8% GDP Contraction in 2022; Unemployment Rate at 6.7%.” Business Standard, May 18, 2022. https://www.business-standard.com/article/international/russia-forecasts-7-8-gdp-contraction-in-2022-unemployment-rate-at-6-7-122051800198_1.html.

Ibison, David. “Sweden Axes Wealth Tax.” Financial Times, March 28, 2007. https://www.ft.com/content/d6f77584-dd4a-11db-8d42-000b5df10621.

IBISWorld. “Gold & Silver Ore Mining in Canada - Employment Statistics 2005–2028.” Industry research. IBISWorld, October 27, 2022. https://www.ibisworld.com/canada/industry-statistics/employment/gold-silver-ore-mining/.

Ibrahim, Youssef M. “Iran Taking Over More Industries; General Motors Affiliate Affected.” The New York Times, July 6, 1979, sec. A. https://www.nytimes.com/1979/07/06/archives/iran-taking-over-more-industries-general-motors-affiliate-affected.html.

Idris, Abdulhakim. “Goodbye, Ms. Bachelet: The Uyghurs Will Not Miss You.” Bitter Winter, August 31, 2022. https://bitterwinter.org/goodbye-ms-bachelet-the-uyghurs-will-not-miss-you/.

Ignatius, David. “INNOCENCE ABROAD: THE NEW WORLD OF SPYLESS COUPS.” The Washington Post, September 22, 1991. https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/1991/09/22/innocence-abroad-the-new-world-of-spyless-coups/92bb989a-de6e-4bb8-99b9-462c76b59a16/.

Imamova, Navbahor. “Despite Skepticism, China-Kyrgyzstan-Uzbekistan Railway Deal Chugs Forward.” Voice of America, October 4, 2022. https://www.voanews.com/a/despite-skepticism-china-kyrgyzstan-uzbekistan-railway-deal-chugs-forward/6775799.html.

Indeed. “Miner Salary in Canada.” Job Posting. Indeed Canada, November 28, 2022. https://ca.indeed.com/career/miner/salaries.

Innocenti Research Centre. “A Decade of Transition.” Regional Monitoring Report. UNICEF, 2001. https://www.unicef-irc.org/publications/313-a-decade-of-transition.html.

Inoue, Makiko and Ben Dooley. “A Job for Life, or Not? A Class Divide Deepens in Japan.” The New York Times, November 27, 2020. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/27/business/japan-workers.html.

INSPECTION GENERALE DES FINANCES. “CONCLUSIONS DE L’INSPECTION GENERALE DES FINANCES SUR LA CONVENTION DE COLLABORATION D’AVRIL 2008 ENTRE LA RDC ET LE GROUPEMENT D’ENTREPRISES CHINOISES (CONTRAT CHINOIS) (CONCLUSIONS OF THE GENERAL INSPECTION OF FINANCE ON THE COLLABORATION AGREEMENT OF APRIL 2008 BETWEEN THE DRC AND THE GROUP OF CHINESE COMPANIES).” Kinshasa: Democratic Republic of the Congo, February 15, 2023. https://congomines.org/system/attachments/assets/000/002/310/original/CONCLUSIONS-DE-L-IGF-SUR-LE-CONTRAT-CHINOIS.pdf.

International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons. “The World’s Nuclear Weapons.” International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons, 2021. https://www.icanw.org/nuclear_arsenals.

International Commission of Jurists. “Tibet: Human Rights and the Rule of Law.” International Commission of Jurists, December 1997. https://www.icj.org/wp-content/uploads/1997/01/Tibet-human-rights-and-the-rule-of-law-thematic-report-1997-eng.pdf.

International Energy Agency. “Electric Car Registrations and Sales Share in China, United States, Europe and Other Regions, 2016-2021.” Paris: International Energy Agency, October 26, 2022. https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/charts/electric-car-registrations-and-sales-share-in-china-united-states-europe-and-other-regions-2016-2021.

———. “Solar PV Global Supply Chains.” Special Report. Paris: International Energy Agency, 2022. https://www.iea.org/reports/solar-pv-global-supply-chains/executive-summary.

International Monetary Fund. “IMF Financial Data Query Tool.” International Monetary Fund, 2021. https://www.imf.org/external/np/fin/tad/query.aspx.

———. “IMF Support for Low-Income Countries,” January 5, 2022. https://www.imf.org/en/About/Factsheets/IMF-Support-for-Low-Income-Countries.

———. “Past IMF Disbursements and Repayments for All Members from May 01, 1984 to July 31, 2022.” International Monetary Fund, July 31, 2022. https://www.imf.org/external/np/fin/tad/extrep1.aspx.

———. “Press Release: IMF Executive Board Approves US$551 Million PRGF Arrangement for the Democratic Republic of the Congo and US$73 Million in Interim HIPC Assistance.” Press release. International Monetary Fund, December 11, 2009. https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2015/09/14/01/49/pr09455.

———. “Public Information Notice: IMF Executive Board Concludes 2010 Article IV Consultation with the Socialist People’s Libyan Arab Jamahiriya.” International Monetary Fund, February 15, 2011. https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2015/09/28/04/53/pn1123.

International Programme on the Elimination Of Child Labour (IPEC). “Analytical Studies on Child Labour in Mining and Quarrying in Ghana.” International Labor Organization, May 1, 2013. https://www.ilo.org/ipec/Informationresources/WCMS_IPEC_PUB_25875/lang--en/index.htm.

Ip, Cyril. “How ‘Putin’s Rasputin’ Alexander Dugin Changed His Mind about China.” South China Morning Post, August 29, 2022. https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3190578/how-putins-rasputin-alexander-dugin-changed-his-mind-about.

Iran International. “Houthis Of Yemen Welcome 25-Year Deal Between Iran And China.” Iran International, March 28, 2021. https://old.iranintl.com/en/iran-in-brief/houthis-yemen-welcome-25-year-deal-between-iran-and-china.

Isidore, Chris and Christine Romans. “Made in America Is Back, Leaving US Factories Scrambling to Find Workers.” CNN, October 10, 2022. https://www.cnn.com/2022/10/09/economy/manufacturing-jobs/index.html.

Ismail, Aymann. “‘There Was a Betrayal.’” Slate, September 10, 2021. https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2021/09/september-11-response-history.html.

Jackson-Han, Sarah. “Uyghur Scholar Calls for Jobs.” Radio Free Asia, March 6, 2009. https://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/tohti-03062009130647.html.

Jacobs, Andrew. “China Gets Even Colder for Reporters.” The New York Times, December 17, 2014. http://sinosphere.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/12/17/china-gets-even-colder-for-reporters/.

———. “Uighurs in China Say Bias Is Growing.” The New York Times, October 7, 2013. https://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/08/world/asia/uighurs-in-china-say-bias-is-growing.html.

Jacoby, Erich H. “Cuba: The Real Winner Is the Agricultural Worker.” CERES: FAO Review 2, no. 4 (August 1969): 26–33.

James, Ian. “Despite Chavez, Venezuela Economy Not Socialist.” Associated Press, July 18, 2010. http://archive.boston.com/business/articles/2010/07/18/despite_chavez_venezuela_economy_not_socialist/?page=full.

James, Jaq. “Amnesty International & Human Rights Watch’s Forced Xinjiang Labour Claims: Junk Research or Noble Cause Corruption?” Working Paper. CO-WEST-PRO Consultancy, August 13, 2022. http://www.cowestpro.co/uploads/1/9/9/7/19974045/cowestpro_2-2022_-_aug.pdf.

———. “The Assessment on Human Rights in Xinjiang by the United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights: A Critical Analysis.” Working Paper. CO-WEST-PRO Consultancy, July 20, 2023. https://www.cowestpro.co/cowestpro_4-2023_-_jul.pdf.

———. “The Australian Strategic Policy Institute’s Uyghurs for Sale Report: Scholarly Analysis or Strategic Disinformation?” Working Paper. CO-WEST-PRO Consultancy, September 8, 2022. http://www.cowestpro.co/uploads/1/9/9/7/19974045/cowestpro_1-2022_-_sept.pdf.

Jamrisko, Michelle and Ruth Carson. “Suddenly Everyone Is Hunting for Alternatives to the US Dollar.” Bloomberg, December 21, 2022. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-12-21/fx-weaponization-supercharges-de-dollarization-drive.

Jansson, Johanna. “The Sicomines Agreement: Change and Continuity in the Democratic Republic of Congo’s International Relations.” SAIIA Occasional Paper. South African Institute of International Affairs, November 1, 2011. https://saiia.org.za/research/the-sicomines-agreement-change-and-continuity-in-the-democratic-republic-of-congo-s-international-relations/.

———. “The Sicomines Agreement Revisited: Prudent Chinese Banks and Risk-Taking Chinese Companies.” Review of African Political Economy 40, no. 135 (March 1, 2013): 152–62. https://doi.org/10.1080/03056244.2013.762167.

Jakes, Lara and Marc Tracy. “U.S. Limits Chinese Staff at News Agencies Controlled by Beijing.” The New York Times, March 2, 2020. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/02/world/asia/china-journalists-diplomats-expulsion.html.

Jakes, Lara and Steven Lee Myers. “U.S. Designates China’s Official Media as Operatives of the Communist State.” The New York Times, February 18, 2020. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/18/world/asia/china-media-trump.html.

Jayaram, Kartik, Omid Kassiri, and Irene Yuan Sun. “Dance of the Lions and Dragons: How Are Africa and China Engaging, and How Will the Partnership Evolve?” McKinsey & Company, June 2017. https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/mckinsey/featured%20insights/middle%20east%20and%20africa/the%20closest%20look%20yet%20at%20chinese%20economic%20engagement%20in%20africa/dance-of-the-lions-and-dragons.pdf.

Jayaram, Kripa, Chris Kay, and Dan Murtaugh. “China Reduced Air Pollution in 7 Years as Much as US Did in Three Decades.” Bloomberg, June 13, 2022. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-06-14/china-s-clean-air-campaign-is-bringing-down-global-pollution.

Jiang, Ben. “German Optical Giant Zeiss Breaks Ground on US$25 Million Plant in Suzhou in Vote of Confidence in China.” South China Morning Post, October 21, 2022. https://www.scmp.com/tech/big-tech/article/3196785/german-optical-giant-zeiss-breaks-ground-us25-million-plant-suzhou-vote-confidence-china.

Jiang Shigong. “A History of Empire Without Empire.” In After Tamerlane: The Global History of Empire Since 1405. CITIC Publishing House, 2021. Excerpt edited by Sun Feiyang and Nia Frome, translated by Roderic Day, Chinese. Red Sails, 2021. https://redsails.org/jiang-on-empire/.

Jiang, Steven. “Chinese Tycoon Who Criticized Xi Jinping’s Handling of Coronavirus Jailed for 18 Years.” CNN, September 22, 2020. https://www.cnn.com/2020/09/22/asia/china-ren-zhiqiang-xi-jinping-intl-hnk/index.html.

Jones, Bart. Hugo!: The Hugo Chávez Story from Mud Hut to Perpetual Revolution. Hanover, New Hampshire: Steerforth Press, 2008.

———. “Venezuela Says Sanctions by U.S. Are Part of Anti-Chavez Campaign.” The Baltimore Sun, September 25, 2004. https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-2004-09-26-0409260226-story.html.

Jones, Lee and Shahar Hameiri. “Debunking the Myth of ‘Debt-Trap Diplomacy’: How Recipient Countries Shape China’s Belt and Road Initiative.” Research Paper. London: Chatham House, August 19, 2020. https://www.chathamhouse.org/2020/08/debunking-myth-debt-trap-diplomacy.

Kahn, Michael, Anna Koper, and Robert Muller. “Weapons Industry Booms as Eastern Europe Arms Ukraine.” Reuters, November 24, 2022. https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/weapons-industry-booms-eastern-europe-arms-ukraine-2022-11-24/.

Kandell, Jonathan. “IRAN’S OIL WORKERS TOLD TO END STRIKE OR FACE DISCHARGE.” The New York Times, November 13, 1978, sec. A. https://www.nytimes.com/1978/11/13/archives/irans-oil-workers-told-to-end-strike-or-face-discharge-8-reported.html.

Kang, Dake. “Terror & Tourism: Xinjiang Eases Its Grip, but Fear Remains.” Associated Press, October 10, 2021. https://apnews.com/article/coronavirus-pandemic-lifestyle-china-health-travel-7a6967f335f97ca868cc618ea84b98b9.

Karam, Joyce. “Iran Pays Hezbollah $700 Million a Year, US Official Says.” The National News, June 6, 2018. https://www.thenationalnews.com/world/the-americas/iran-pays-hezbollah-700-million-a-year-us-official-says-1.737347.

Karnitsching, Matthew and Wojciech Kość. “Meet Europe’s Coming Military Superpower: Poland.” Politico, November 21, 2022. https://www.politico.eu/article/europe-military-superpower-poland-army/.

Kashgar Statistical Yearbook 2017. “Statistics on the basic situation of rural areas by counties in Kashgar in 2016.” People’s Republic of China, 2017.

Kashgary, Jilil and Joshua Lipes. “Loosened ‘Hukou’ Restrictions in Xinjiang Benefit Hans, Not Uyghurs.” Translated by Mamatjan Juma. Radio Free Asia, June 10, 2015. https://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/hukou-06102015163757.html/.

———. “More Than One Million Lack Clean Water in Xinjiang’s Hotan Prefecture.” Translated by Mamatjan Juma. Radio Free Asia, February 4, 2015. https://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/water-02042015152217.html/.

Katusa, Marin. “Vladimir Putin Is The New Global Shah Of Oil.” Forbes, October 29, 2012. https://www.forbes.com/sites/energysource/2012/10/29/vladimir-putin-is-the-new-global-shah-of-oil.

Kaufman, Ellie and Barbara Starr. “US Likely to Keep 100,000 Troops in Europe for Foreseeable Future in Face of Russian Threat, US Officials Say.” CNN, May 20, 2022. https://www.cnn.com/2022/05/20/politics/us-troops-in-europe/index.html.

Kaul, Sumir. “Army Quietly Launches Operation Calm Down in South Kashmir.” India Today, September 13, 2016. https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/army-quietly-launches-operation-calm-down-in-south-kashmir-702774-2016-09-13.

Kautsky, Karl. “Ultra-Imperialism.” Die Neue Zeit, September 11, 1914. https://www.marxists.org/archive/kautsky/1914/09/ultra-imp.htm.

Kazamias, Alexander. “Syriza Betrayed Its Principles – and the Greek People. Its Days Are Numbered.” The Guardian, July 5, 2019. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/jul/05/syriza-greek-alexis-tsipras-eu-imposed-austerity-polls.

KazMunaiGas. “Oil and Gas Sector.” Business. ҚазМұнайГаз (KazMunaiGas), 2017. http://www.kmgep.kz/eng/about_kazakhstan/oil_and_gas_sector.

Keane, Melissa and J. Simon Bruder. “GOOD ROADS EVERYWHERE: A History of Road Building in Arizona.” Arizona Department of Transportation Environmental Planning Group, May 2003. https://azdot.gov/sites/default/files/2019/07/cultural_good_roads_everywhere.pdf.

Kennedy, Merrit. “China Jails 49 Over Deadly Tianjin Warehouse Explosions.” News. The Two Way by National Public Radio (blog), November 9, 2016. https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/11/09/501441138/china-jails-49-over-deadly-tianjin-warehouse-explosions/.

Kennedy, Scott and Qin (Maya) Mei. “Measurement Muddle: China’s GDP Growth Data and Potential Proxies.” Big Data China. Center for Strategic & International Studies, September 13, 2023. https://bigdatachina.csis.org/measurement-muddle-chinas-gdp-growth-data-and-potential-proxies/.

Kennedy, Simon. “Sanctions Statecraft.” Bloomberg, February 24, 2023. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/newsletters/2023-02-24/global-economy-latest-effect-of-sanctions-on-russian-economy.

Kerr, Blake. “WITNESS TO CHINA’S SHAME.” The Washington Post, February 26, 1989. https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/1989/02/26/witness-to-chinas-shame/d1862427-84f9-4209-9e15-ec7c6dcd3f0e/.

Kharpal, Arjun. “Ant Group to Raise $34.5 Billion, Valuing It at over $313 Billion, in Biggest IPO of All Time.” CNBC, October 26, 2020. https://www.cnbc.com/2020/10/26/ant-group-to-raise-tktk-billion-in-biggest-ipo-of-all-time.html.

Khrushchev, Nikita. “Telegram From the Embassy in the Soviet Union to the Department of State, April 18, 1961.” U.S., Department of State, April 18, 1961. https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/baypig7.htm.

Kidd, David. “The Navajos’ Only Railroad Reaches the End of the Line.” Governing, July 16, 2020. https://www.governing.com/next/the-navajos-only-railroad-reaches-the-end-of-the-line.html.

Killalea, Debra. “ISIS: Chinese Hostage Rescue ‘Thwarted’ by France, Russia Air Strikes in Syria.” News.Com.Au, November 24, 2015. https://www.news.com.au/world/middle-east/isis-chinese-hostage-rescue-thwarted-by-france-russia-air-strikes-in-syria/news-story/8bf60f5767ad472947ede2adb3ff1ae7.

Kim, Tae. “IPhone Prices Would Rise up to 20% If Apple Assembles in US like Trump Wants: Bank of America.” CNBC, September 18, 2018. https://www.cnbc.com/2018/09/10/bank-of-america-says-iphone-prices-may-rise-if-apple-assembles-its-phones-in-us.html.

Kinery, Emma. “TSMC to up Arizona Investment to $40 Billion with Second Semiconductor Chip Plant.” CNBC, December 6, 2022. https://www.cnbc.com/2022/12/06/tsmc-to-up-arizona-investment-to-40-billion-with-second-semiconductor-chip-plant.html.

Kley, Dirk van der. “Chinese Companies’ Localization in Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan.” Problems of Post-Communism 67, no. 3 (May 3, 2020): 241–50. https://doi.org/10.1080/10758216.2020.1755314.

Kochhar, Rakesh. “The Self-Employed Are Back at Work in Pre-COVID-19 Numbers, but Their Businesses Have Smaller Payrolls.” Research. Pew Research Center (blog), November 3, 2021. https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2021/11/03/the-self-employed-are-back-at-work-in-pre-covid-19-numbers-but-their-businesses-have-smaller-payrolls/.

Koerner, Lucas. “Venezuela: Soldier Killed, Three More Burned Alive.” Venezuelanalysis.Com, June 27, 2017. https://venezuelanalysis.com/news/13206.

Köhler, Gernot. “Estimating Unequal Exchange: Sub-Saharan Africa to China and the World,” March 10, 2022. In Accounting for Colonialism: Measuring Unjust Enrichment and Damages in Africa, edited by Richard F. America. Palgrave Macmillan, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-32804-6_14.

Kolenikov, Stanislav and Anthony Shorrocks. “A Decomposition Analysis of Regional Poverty in Russia.” Working Paper. WIDER Discussion Paper. Helsinki: The United Nations University World Institute for Development Economics Research (UNU-WIDER), October 2003. https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/53118/1/376632895.pdf.

Kopparam, Raksha. “The Federal Reserve’s New Distributional Financial Accounts Provide Telling Data on Growing U.S. Wealth and Income Inequality.” Washington Center for Equitable Growth, August 22, 2019. https://equitablegrowth.org/the-federal-reserves-new-distributional-financial-accounts-provide-telling-data-on-growing-u-s-wealth-and-income-inequality/.

Kratz, Agatha, Allen Feng, and Logan Wright. “New Data on the ‘Debt Trap’ Question.” Rhodium Group, April 29, 2019. https://rhg.com/research/new-data-on-the-debt-trap-question/.

Krieg, Gregory. “Bernie Sanders Introduces Labor Plan to Broaden Union Power.” CNN, August 22, 2019. https://www.cnn.com/2019/08/21/politics/bernie-sanders-2020-labor-union-plan/index.html.

Kristof, Nicholas. “China’s Genocide Olympics.” The New York Times, January 24, 2008. https://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/24/opinion/24kristof.html.

Kuo, Lily and Jeanne Whalen. “Biden Administration Bars Imports of Solar Panels Linked to Forced Labor in China’s Xinjiang Region.” The Washington Post, June 24, 2021. https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2021/06/24/china-solar-forced-labor-imports-custom/.

Kuo, Lily, Pei Lin Wu, and Jeanne Whalen. “Solar Industry’s Ties to China’s Xinjiang Region Raise Specter of Forced Labor.” The Washington Post, June 24, 2021. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/solar-china-climate-xinjiang-labor/2021/06/24/810abbd6-c903-11eb-8708-64991f2acf28_story.html.

Kurlantzick, Joshua. “The Coup Connection.” Mother Jones, December 2004. https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2004/11/coup-connection/.

Kushi, Sidita and Monica Duffy Toft. “Introducing the Military Intervention Project: A New Dataset on US Military Interventions, 1776–2019.” Journal of Conflict Resolution, August 8, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1177/00220027221117546.

Kuznetsov, A. V. “Direct Investment from Russia Abroad: Changes since 2018.” Herald of the Russian Academy of Sciences 91 (November 2021): 700–707. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1019331621060162.

Kvangraven, Ingrid Harvold. “A Dependency Pioneer - Samir Amin.” In Dialogues on Development Volume 1 - On Dependency, edited by Ingrid Harvold Kvangraven, Maria Dyveke Styve, and Ushehwedu Kufakurinani, 1st ed., 1:12–17. Institute for New Economic Thinking, 2017. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317603001_A_Dependency_Pioneer_-_Samir_Amin.

Kynge, James and Jonathan Wheatley. “China Emerges as IMF Competitor with Emergency Loans to At-Risk Nations.” Financial Times, September 11, 2022. https://www.ft.com/content/f27a543b-7678-4130-9c05-db0492d9c240.

Laing, Jonathan R. “The Shadow CIA.” Barron’s, October 15, 2001. https://www.barrons.com/articles/SB1002927557434087960.

Lakhani, Nina. “Did Hillary Clinton Stand by as Honduras Coup Ushered in Era of Violence?” The Guardian, August 31, 2016. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/aug/31/hillary-clinton-honduras-violence-manuel-zelaya-berta-caceres.

Lakmeeharan, Kannan, Qaizer Manji, Ronald Nyairo, and Harald Poeltner. “Solving Africa’s Infrastructure Paradox.” McKinsey & Company, March 6, 2020. https://www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/operations/our-insights/solving-africas-infrastructure-paradox.

Landry, David. “The Risks and Rewards of Resource-for-Infrastructure Deals: Lessons from the Congo’s Sicomines Agreement.” Special Issue on Mining Value Chains, Innovation and Learning 58 (October 1, 2018): 165–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2018.04.014.

Lange, Even. “The Development of the Norwegian Welfare State, 1945-1970.” Academic. nordics.info, August 19, 2020. https://nordics.info/show/artikel/security-and-increased-welfare-developing-the-norwegian-welfare-state-1945-1970.

Latana. “Democracy Perception Index Report 2022.” Latana, 2022. https://latana.com/democracy-perception-index-report-2022/.

Lau, Jack. “China in Push to Boost Covid-19 Vaccination among Elderly.” South China Morning Post, November 29, 2022. https://www.scmp.com/news/china/politics/article/3201459/china-push-boost-covid-19-vaccination-among-elderly.

Layne, Rachel. “Lead in America’s Water Systems Is a National Problem.” CBS News, November 21, 2018. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/lead-in-americas-water-systems-is-a-national-problem/.

Lazare, Daniel. “The National Endowment for (Meddling in) Democracy.” The American Conservative, March 8, 2018. https://www.theamericanconservative.com/articles/the-national-endowment-for-political-meddling-democracy-ned/.

Le Page, Michael. “Heatwave in China Is the Most Severe Ever Recorded in the World.” New Scientist, August 23, 2022. https://www.newscientist.com/article/2334921-heatwave-in-china-is-the-most-severe-ever-recorded-in-the-world/.

Lebreton, L., B. Slat, F. Ferrari, B. Sainte-Rose, J. Aitken, R. Marthouse, S. Hajbane, et al. “Evidence That the Great Pacific Garbage Patch Is Rapidly Accumulating Plastic.” Scientific Reports 8, no. 1 (March 22, 2018): 4666. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-22939-w.

Lee, Klaudia. “Legal Action against CNN Dropped.” South China Morning Post, May 12, 2008. https://www.scmp.com/article/637303/legal-action-against-cnn-dropped.

Lehr, Amy. “Addressing Forced Labor in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region.” CSIS Brief. Center for Strategic & International Studies, July 2020. https://csis-website-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/publication/200730_Lehr_XinjiangUyghurForcedLabor_brief_FINAL_v2.pdf.

Leibold, James. “Planting the Seed: Ethnic Policy in Xi Jinping’s New Era of Cultural Nationalism.” China Brief 19, no. 22 (December 31, 2019). https://jamestown.org/program/planting-the-seed-ethnic-policy-in-xi-jinpings-new-era-of-cultural-nationalism/.

Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich. Letter to Gavril Myasnikov. “A Letter To G. Myasnikov,” August 5, 1921. https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1921/aug/05.htm.

———. Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism. Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1963. https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1916/imp-hsc/.

———. “Left-Wing” Childishness. Translated by Clemens Dutt and Robert Daglish. Marxists Internet Archive, 1918. https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1918/may/09.htm.

———. “Left-Wing” Communism: An Infantile Disorder. Translated by Julius Katzer. Marxists Internet Archive, 1999. https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1920/lwc/index.htm.

———. Lenin Collected Works. 4th ed. Vol. 31. Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1965. https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1920/jul/x03.htm.

———. The Impending Catastrophe and How to Combat It. Marxists Internet Archive, 1917. https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1917/ichtci/11.htm.

———. The Tax in Kind (The Significance Of The New Policy And Its Conditions). Translated by Yuri Sdobnikov. Marxists Internet Archive, 1921. https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1921/apr/21.htm.

———. “To the Russian Colony in North America.” Translated by Bernard Isaacs. Russky Golos no. 2046, January 10, 1923. https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1922/nov/14b.htm.

———. “What the ‘Friends of the People’ Are and How They Fight the Social-Democrats, Part III.” In What the “Friends of the People” Are and How They Fight the Social-Democrats. Marxists Internet Archive, 1894. https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1894/friends/06.htm.

Leslie, Heather A., Martin J.M. van Velzen, Sicco H. Brandsma, A. Dick Vethaak, Juan J. Garcia-Vallejo, and Marja H. Lamoree. “Discovery and Quantification of Plastic Particle Pollution in Human Blood.” Environment International 163 (May 1, 2022): 107199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2022.107199.

Leung, Hillary. “Southeast Asia Doesn’t Want to Be the World’s Dumping Ground. Here’s How Some Countries Are Pushing Back.” Time, June 3, 2019. https://time.com/5598032/southeast-asia-plastic-waste-malaysia-philippines/.

Leung, Rebecca. “Abuse Of Iraqi POWs By GIs Probed.” CBS News, April 27, 2004. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/abuse-of-iraqi-pows-by-gis-probed/.

Li, Cheng. “Preparing For the 18th Party Congress: Procedures and Mechanisms.” China Leadership Monitor, 2012, 17.

Li Keqiang. “Report on the Work of the Government (2014).” Beijing: The State Council of the People’s Republic of China, March 14, 2014. http://english.www.gov.cn/archive/publications/2014/08/23/content_281474982987826.htm.

Li, Minqi. “China: Imperialism or Semi-Periphery?” Monthly Review 73, no. 3 (July 1, 2021). https://monthlyreview.org/2021/07/01/china-imperialism-or-semi-periphery.

Li, Zoe. “Chinese Drivers Hesitant to Adopt Electric Cars.” CNN, April 24, 2014. https://www.cnn.com/2014/04/24/world/asia/china-electric-vehicles/index.html.

Lin, Christina. “Chinese Uyghur Colonies in Syria a Challenge for Beijing.” Asia Times, May 21, 2017. https://asiatimes.com/2017/05/chinese-uyghur-colonies-syria-challenge-beijing/.

Lin, Liza. “China Targets Alibaba, Other Homegrown Tech Giants With Antimonopoly Rules.” The Wall Street Journal, November 10, 2020. https://www.wsj.com/articles/chinas-regulators-prepare-to-roll-out-new-antimonopoly-rules-11605013205.

Lin, Liza, Eva Xiao, and Yoko Kubota. “Chinese Suppliers to Apple, Nike Shun Xinjiang Workers as U.S. Forced-Labor Ban Looms.” The Wall Street Journal, July 20, 2021. https://www.wsj.com/articles/chinese-suppliers-to-apple-nike-shun-xinjiang-workers-as-u-s-forced-labor-ban-looms-11626795627.

Linn, Amy. “The Navajo Nation’s Horrendous Roads Keep Killing People and Holding Students Hostage, but Nothing Changes.” Center for Health Journalism, University of Southern California, 2020. https://centerforhealthjournalism.org/resources/lessons/navajo-nation-s-horrendous-roads-keep-killing-people-and-holding-students-hostage.

Lintner, Bertil. “The United Wa State Army and Burma’s Peace Process.” Peaceworks. United States Institute of Peace, April 29, 2019. https://www.usip.org/publications/2019/04/united-wa-state-army-and-burmas-peace-process.

Lipes, Joshua. “Nike Says China-Based Supplier Sent All Uyghur Workers Home Amid Forced Labor Allegations.” Radio Free Asia, July 21, 2020. https://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/nike-07212020174533.html.

Lipes, Joshua and Shohret Hoshur. “Chinese Authorities Order Muslim Uyghur Shop Owners to Stock Alcohol, Cigarettes.” Translated by Mamatjan Juma. Radio Free Asia, May 4, 2015. https://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/order-05042015133944.html.

Liu Xiang. “Strategies of the Warring States (Excerpt).” In Strategies of the Warring States, excerpt translated by Kyle Ferrana. Accessed November 23, 2023. https://zhanguoce.5000yan.com/32913.html.

Lockett, Hudson, Cheng Leng, Primrose Riordan, and William Langley. “Global Bankers ‘Very pro-China’, Says UBS Chair.” Financial Times, November 2, 2022. https://www.ft.com/content/037cc9d0-b214-43a6-8bcb-43f76507f9c5.

Losurdo, Domenico. “Flight from History? The Communist Movement between Self-Criticism and Self-Contempt (1999).” Translated by Charles Reitz. Red Sails, January 10, 2021. https://redsails.org/flight-from-history/.

Louisiana Tech Research Institute. “Guide to Nuclear Deterrence in the Age of Great-Power Competition.” Bossier City, Louisiana: Louisiana Tech Research Institute, October 2020. https://atloa.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Guide-to-Nuclear-Deterrence-in-the-Age-of-Great-Power-Competition-Lowther.pdf.

Lubin, Gus. “NEW SATELLITE PICTURES OF CHINA’S GHOST CITIES.” Business Insider, June 16, 2011. https://www.businessinsider.com/chinese-ghost-cities-2011-5.

Lui, Benny and Clara Liu. “An Overview of the Household Debt Situation in Hong Kong.” Feature Article. Research and Studies. Hong Kong Economy, December 2015. https://www.hkeconomy.gov.hk/en/pdf/household_debt.pdf.

Liu, Coco and Shiyin Chen. “China Fines Alibaba, Tencent Unit Under Anti-Monopoly Laws.” Bloomberg, December 13, 2020. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-12-14/china-fines-alibaba-tencent-for-flouting-rules-in-past-deals.

Luxemburg, Rosa. “Protective Tariffs and Accumulation.” Chapter 31 in The Accumulation of Capital, edited by Dr. W. Stark, translated by Agnes Schwarzschild (Doctor Iuris), German. Marxists Internet Archive, 2003. https://www.marxists.org/archive/luxemburg/1913/accumulation-capital/ch31.htm.

MacFarquhar, Neil. “Muslim Groups Oppose a List of ‘Co-Conspirators.’” The New York Times, August 16, 2007. https://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/16/us/16charity.html.

Mackell, Austin. “The IMF versus the Arab Spring.” The Guardian, May 25, 2011. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/may/25/imf-arab-spring-loans-egypt-tunisia.

Mackey, Robert. “This Is Not Fine: Why Video of an Ultranationalist Frenzy in Jerusalem Is So Unsettling.” The Intercept, May 11, 2021. https://theintercept.com/2021/05/11/not-fine-video-ultranationalist-frenzy-jerusalem-unsettling/.

Maclean, Ruth. “Who Killed African Icon Thomas Sankara? Trial Opens, 34 Years After His Death.” The New York Times, October 11, 2021. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/10/11/world/africa/thomas-sankara-trial-burkina-faso.html.

MacroPolo. “Boon or Boondoggle? The Cost and Benefit of China’s Bullet Trains.” Chicago: The Paulson Institute, 2022. https://macropolo.org/digital-projects/high-speed-rail/.

Magioncalda, William. “A Modern Insurgency: India’s Evolving Naxalite Problem.” Center for Strategic & International Studies, April 8, 2010. https://csis-website-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/legacy_files/files/publication/SAM_140_0.pdf.

Magnier, Mark. “Dialing Back Chinese Anger.” Los Angeles Times, April 19, 2008. https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2008-apr-19-fg-backlash19-story.html.

———. “Tibetan Exiles in Dharamsala, India, Settle in with Disillusionment.” Los Angeles Times, September 22, 2010. https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2010-sep-22-la-fg-india-dharamsala-20100922-story.html.

Malik, Nesrine. “Sanctions Against Sudan Didn’t Harm an Oppressive Government — They Helped It.” Foreign Policy, July 3, 2018. https://foreignpolicy.com/2018/07/03/sanctions-against-sudan-didnt-harm-an-oppressive-government-they-helped-it/.

Maloney, Peter. “Navajo Nation Looks to Federal Subsidies to Keep Coal Mine, Plant Open.” Utility Dive, April 3, 2017. https://www.utilitydive.com/news/navajo-nation-looks-to-federal-subsidies-to-keep-coal-mine-plant-open/439507/.

Mann, David. “Tri-Counties Release 1st Count of Portland Area’s Homeless Population since 2019.” KGW, May 4, 2022. https://www.kgw.com/article/news/local/homeless/portland-point-in-time-count-2022/283-23908a65-a619-4373-92bf-f01907ad1ad8.

Manthey, Grace, Frank Esposito, and Amanda Hernandez. “Despite ‘defunding’ Claims, Police Funding Has Increased in Many US Cities.” ABC News, October 16, 2022. https://abcnews.go.com/US/defunding-claims-police-funding-increased-us-cities/story?id=91511971.

Mao Zedong. “Analysis of the Classes in Chinese Society.” Foreign Languages Press, March 1926. In Selected Works of Mao Tse-tung: Vol. I. https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/mao/selected-works/volume-1/mswv1_1.htm.

———. “On Protracted War.” Lecture, May 1938. In Selected Works of Mao Tse-tung: Vol. II. Marxists Internet Archive. https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/mao/selected-works/volume-2/mswv2_09.htm.

Mao, Zedong and Jebtsun Damba Khutukhtu. “Memorandum of Conversation between Mao Zedong and the Delegation of the Mongolian People’s Revolutionary Party and Comments on the Distribution of the Memorandum of Conversation,” September 24, 1956. Jianguo Yilai Mao Zedong Wengao, Vol. 6 (Beijing: Zhongyang wenxian chubanshe, 1992): 213-222. Translated by Sergey Radchenko. History and Public Policy Program Digital Archive. https://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/117696.

Marquis, Christopher. “U.S. Bankrolling Is Under Scrutiny for Ties to Chávez Ouster.” The New York Times, April 25, 2002. https://www.nytimes.com/2002/04/25/international/americas/us-bankrolling-is-under-scrutiny-for-ties-to-chvez.html.

Martin, Emmie. “Warren Buffett and Bill Gates Agree That the Rich Should Pay Higher Taxes—Here’s What They Suggest.” CNBC, February 26, 2019. https://www.cnbc.com/2019/02/25/warren-buffett-and-bill-gates-the-rich-should-pay-higher-taxes.html.

Martina, Michael. “China Launches Crackdown on ‘Terrorist Activities’ after Attack.” Reuters, May 23, 2014. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-xinjiang/china-launches-crackdown-on-terrorist-activities-after-attack-idUSBREA4M0FF20140523.

———. “In China’s Xinjiang, Economic Divide Seen Fuelling Ethnic Unrest.” Reuters, May 6, 2014. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-xinjiang-insight/in-chinas-xinjiang-economic-divide-seen-fuelling-ethnic-unrest-idUSBREA450X520140506.

Martinez, Juan. “Chilean President Urges New Constitution to Be Drafted by Elected Body.” The Rio Times, December 2, 2022. https://www.riotimesonline.com/brazil-news/mercosur/chile/chilean-president-urges-new-constitution-to-be-drafted-by-elected-body/.

Martorelli, Pablo. “Transforming Argentina’s Railway, Driven by a Plan for Recovery.” Global Railway Review, June 25, 2020. https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/article/102322/transforming-argentina-railway-plan-recovery-pablo-martorelli/.

Marx, Karl. Capital. A Critique of Political Economy. Volume I: The Process of Production of Capital. Edited by Frederick Engels. Translated by Samuel Moore and Edward Aveling. Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1887. https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1867-c1/index.htm.

———. Critique of the Gotha Programme. 1875. Marxists Internet Archive. https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1875/gotha/ch04.htm.

———. The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte. Chapter I. 1852. Translated by Saul K. Padover from the German edition of 1869. https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1852/18th-brumaire/ch01.htm.

———. The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte. Chapter VII. 1852. Translated by Saul K. Padover from the German edition of 1869. Marxists Internet Archive. https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1852/18th-brumaire/ch07.htm.

———. “Theses On Feuerbach.” 1845. Translated by Cyril Smith and Don Cuckson. Marxists Internet Archive. https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1845/theses/index.htm.

Marx, Karl and Friedrich Engels. The German Ideology. 1845. Marxists Internet Archive. https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1845/german-ideology/ch01b.htm.

Mathis-Lilley, Ben. “North Korean Singer Thought to Have Been Killed by Firing Squad After Sex-Tape Scandal Turns Up Alive.” Slate, May 19, 2014. https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2014/05/north-korea-executed-singer-turns-up-alive-on-television.html.

Maxmen, Amy. “Sudan Sanctions Deprive ‘Whole Nation’ of Health Care.” Foreign Policy, January 14, 2016. https://foreignpolicy.com/2016/01/14/sudan-sanctions-deprive-whole-nation-of-health-care/.

Mayger, James and Jason Scott. “Australia Raided Homes of Chinese Reporters, Seized Electronics.” Bloomberg, September 8, 2020. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-09-09/chinese-journalists-based-in-australia-raided-state-media-says.

Mazzocco, Ilaria. “Electrifying: How China Built an EV Industry in a Decade.” Energy. Chicago: The Paulson Institute, July 8, 2020. https://macropolo.org/analysis/china-electric-vehicle-ev-industry/.

McCarthy, Simone. “China Signals It Could Soften Its Zero-Covid Policy, but There Are More Questions than Answers.” CNN, December 2, 2022. https://www.cnn.com/2022/12/01/china/china-protests-zero-covid-position-intl-hnk-mic/index.html.

———. “US Peace Corps’ Exit from China Cuts Valued Channel of Sino-American Dialogue.” South China Morning Post, July 4, 2020. https://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/3091788/us-peace-corps-exit-china-cuts-valued-channel-sino-american-dialogue.

McCready, Alastair. “Why Are Chinese Billionaires $500 Billion Poorer Than Last Year?” Vice, April 6, 2022. https://www.vice.com/en/article/n7ny3x/chinese-billionaires-xi-xinping-crackdown.

McDonald, Joe. “China Celebrates Official End of Extreme Poverty, Lauds Xi.” Associated Press, February 25, 2021. https://apnews.com/article/china-celebrates-end-extreme-poverty-1449b5dc8a48483af847f4c38f64c326.

McFaul, Michael. “Ukraine Imports Democracy: External Influences on the Orange Revolution.” International Security 32, no. 2 (2007): 45–83.

McGregor, Grady. “The End of ‘996’? China’s Government Takes on Its Brutal Tech Working Culture.” Fortune, August 27, 2021. https://fortune.com/2021/08/27/china-tech-working-culture-996-court-illegal/.

McGregor, James. “Huang Guangyu: The Richest Man in China.” Time, April 30, 2006. https://web.archive.org/web/20060619034514/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1187472,00.html.

McGregor, Richard. “Beijing Handles Political Management of Riots.” Financial Times, July 7, 2009. https://www.ft.com/content/8083cb12-6af1-11de-861d-00144feabdc0.

McKinsey & Company. “Delivering the US Manufacturing Renaissance.” McKinsey & Company, August 29, 2022. https://www.mckinsey.com/capabilities/operations/our-insights/delivering-the-us-manufacturing-renaissance.

———. “The Rise and Rise of the Global Balance Sheet: How Productively Are We Using Our Wealth?” Special Report. McKinsey & Company, November 15, 2021. https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/financial-services/our-insights/the-rise-and-rise-of-the-global-balance-sheet-how-productively-are-we-using-our-wealth.

McMann, Kelly M. “Central Asians and the State: Nostalgia for the Soviet Era.” The National Council for Eurasian and East European Research, February 16, 2005. https://www.ucis.pitt.edu/nceeer/2005_818_09_McMann.pdf.

Meijer, Lourens J. J., Tim van Emmerik, Ruud van der Ent, Christian Schmidt, and Laurent Lebreton. “More than 1000 Rivers Account for 80% of Global Riverine Plastic Emissions into the Ocean.” Science Advances 7, no. 18 (April 30, 2021): eaaz5803. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aaz5803.

Mellen, Ruby. “The Human Toll of the Russia-Ukraine Conflict since 2014.” The Washington Post, January 22, 2022. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/interactive/2022/russia-ukraine-conflict-photos-2014/.

Merchant, Brian. “Everything That’s Inside Your IPhone.” Vice Motherboard, August 15, 2017. https://www.vice.com/en/article/433wyq/everything-thats-inside-your-iphone.

MercoPress. “Maduro Challenges Guaido to Call Elections.” MercoPress, February 20, 2019. https://en.mercopress.com/2019/02/20/maduro-challenges-guaido-to-call-elections.

Michel, Casey. “Decolonize Russia.” The Atlantic, May 27, 2022. https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2022/05/russia-putin-colonization-ukraine-chechnya/639428/.

Miller, Rich. “Global Wealth Surges as China Overtakes U.S. to Grab Top Spot.” Bloomberg, November 14, 2021. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-11-15/global-wealth-surges-as-china-overtakes-u-s-to-grab-top-spot.

Mining Journal. “Castillo Says ‘No Nationalisation’ of Mining.” Mining Journal, September 22, 2021. https://www.mining-journal.com/politics/news/1418209/castillo-says-no-nationalisation-of-mining.

Ministers of Finance and Central Bank Governors of France, Germany, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States. “Announcement the Ministers of Finance and Central Bank Governors of France, Germany, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States (Plaza Accord).” University of Toronto, September 22, 1985. http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/finance/fm850922.htm.

Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. “Second Periodic Report by the Government of Japan under Articles 16 and 17 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights.” Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan, 2001. https://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/human/econo_rep2/general.html.

Minority Rights Group International. “World Directory of Minorities: Uyghurs.” Minority Rights Group International, July 2008. https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/eoir/legacy/2014/02/19/Uyghurs.pdf.

Mitchell, Tom, Sun Yu, and Ryan McMorrow. “Xi Cracks down on China’s Education Sector to Assert Communist Party Supremacy.” Financial Times, July 2021. https://www.ft.com/content/206435e1-294d-43f2-96d2-5207ecf8afcc.

Mochizuki, Takashi, Cagan Koc, and Peter Elstrom. “Japan to Join US Effort to Tighten Chip Exports to China.” Bloomberg, December 12, 2022. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-12-12/japan-is-said-to-join-us-effort-to-tighten-chip-exports-to-china.

Moens, Barbara, Jakob Hanke Vela, and Jacopo Barigazzi. “Europe Accuses US of Profiting from War.” Politico, November 24, 2022. https://www.politico.eu/article/vladimir-putin-war-europe-ukraine-gas-inflation-reduction-act-ira-joe-biden-rift-west-eu-accuses-us-of-profiting-from-war/.

Moore, Malcolm. “Urumqi Riots Signal Dark Days Ahead.” News. Malcolm Moore at The Telegraph (blog), July 8, 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20090710181343/http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/news/malcolmmoore/100002509/urumqi-riots-signal-dark-days-ahead/.

Moramudali, Umesh. “The Hambantota Port Deal: Myths and Realities.” The Diplomat, January 1, 2020. https://thediplomat.com/2020/01/the-hambantota-port-deal-myths-and-realities/.

Morse, Felicity. “Kim Jong-Un’s Executed Uncle Jang Song Thaek ‘Stripped Naked, Fed to 120 Dogs as Officials Watched.’” The Independent, January 3, 2014. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/kim-jongun-s-executed-uncle-jang-song-thaek-stripped-naked-fed-to-120-dogs-as-officials-watched-9037109.html.

Moseley, William G., Judith Carney, and Laurence Becker. “Neoliberal Policy, Rural Livelihoods, and Urban Food Security in West Africa: A Comparative Study of The Gambia, Côte d’Ivoire, and Mali.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107, no. 13 (March 25, 2010). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0905717107.

Motamedi, Maziar. “Humour, Resignation, Despair: Living with Inflation in Iran.” Al Jazeera, October 5, 2020. https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2020/10/5/hldhumour-resignation-despair-living-with-inflation-in-iran.

Motyl, Alexander J. “Prepare for the Disappearance of Russia.” The Hill, May 5, 2022. https://thehill.com/opinion/international/3483799-prepare-for-the-disappearance-of-russia/.

Moynihan, Maura. “GENOCIDE IN TIBET.” The Washington Post, January 25, 1998. https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/1998/01/25/genocide-in-tibet/27c0891c-57f1-4a7c-b873-a1071d93cbfd/.

Mugabo, Mubarak. “There’s Freedom of Worship and Fasting in China.” New Vision, June 4, 2019. https://www.newvision.co.ug/news/1501432/-freedom-worship-fasting-china.

Mullaney, Thomas S. “How China Went from Celebrating Ethnic Diversity to Suppressing It.” The Guardian, June 10, 2021. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/jun/10/china-celebrating-diversity-suppressing-xinjiang-communist-party.

Mupepele, Léonide. “Etude d’évaluation de la mise en œuvre de la convention de collaboration relative au développement d’un projet minier et d’un projet d’infrastructures en RD Congo Projet SICOMINES" [Evaluation study of the implementation of the collaboration agreement relating to the development of a mining project and an infrastructure project in the DR Congo SICOMINES Project]. Kinshasa: Initiative pour la Transparence dans les Industries Extractives (ITIE), November 2021. https://congominespdfstorage.blob.core.windows.net/congominespdfstorage/RAPPORT%20D'EVALUATION_PROJET%20SICOMINES_Version%20Finale.pdf.

Murtaugh, Dan, Colum Murphy, James Mayger, and Brian Eckhouse. “Secrecy and Abuse Claims Haunt China’s Solar Factories in Xinjiang.” Bloomberg, April 13, 2021. https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/2021-xinjiang-solar/.

NAFSA: Association of International Educators. “America COMPETES Act Summary.” NAFSA: Association of International Educators, February 4, 2022. https://www.nafsa.org/sites/default/files/media/document/America%20COMPETES%20Act%20Summary.pdf.

Najmabadi, Shannon. “Why More Baby Boomers Are Sliding Into Homelessness.” The Wall Street Journal, September 12, 2023. https://www.wsj.com/economy/housing/why-more-baby-boomers-are-homeless-2d2b913b.

Nakamura, Ryo and Rurika Imahashi. “U.S. Military to Use Papua New Guinea Naval Base for 15 Years.” Nikkei, July 19, 2023. https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Defense/U.S.-military-to-use-Papua-New-Guinea-naval-base-for-15-years.

National Endowment for Democracy. “2008 Independent Auditor’s Report.” National Endowment for Democracy, January 15, 2009. https://www.ned.org/docs/08annual/PDFs/AR_Financials08.pdf.

———. “AMBASSADOR ROBERT H. TUTTLE (TREASURER).” National Endowment for Democracy, November 22, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211122054309/https://www.ned.org/experts/ambassador-robert-h-tuttle-treasurer/.

———. “ANDREW H. CARD, JR. (CHAIRMAN 2018 – JANUARY 2021).” National Endowment for Democracy, November 19, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211119111925/https://www.ned.org/experts/andrew-h-card-jr-chairman/.

———. “Annual Report 1989.” National Endowment for Democracy, 1989. https://www.ned.org/docs/annual/1989%20NED%20Annual%20Report.pdf.

———. “Annual Report 1995.” National Endowment for Democracy, 1995. https://www.ned.org/docs/annual/1995%20NED%20Annual%20Report.pdf.

———. “DAMON WILSON.” National Endowment for Democracy, November 2, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211102115900/https://www.ned.org/experts/damon-wilson/.

———. “DAVID E. SKAGGS (VICE CHAIRMAN).” National Endowment for Democracy, November 21, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211121075800/https://www.ned.org/experts/david-e-skaggs/.

———. “DR. MICHELE DUNNE (SECRETARY).” National Endowment for Democracy, March 6, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210306233536/https://www.ned.org/experts/michele-dunne/.

———. “DR. NADIA SCHADLOW.” National Endowment for Democracy, September 29, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210929145212/https://www.ned.org/experts/dr-nadia-schadlow/.

———. “ELLIOTT ABRAMS.” National Endowment for Democracy, September 24, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210924115236/https://www.ned.org/experts/elliott-abrams/.

———. “Frequently Asked Questions.” National Endowment for Democracy, August 31, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210831064031/https://www.ned.org/about/faqs/.

———. “HENRY KISSINGER.” National Endowment for Democracy, March 7, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210307213233/https://www.ned.org/experts/henry-kissinger/.

———. “History.” National Endowment for Democracy, October 28, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211028155835/https://www.ned.org/about/history/.

———. “HONG KONG (CHINA) 2020.” National Endowment for Democracy, February 24, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210426120330/https://www.ned.org/region/asia/hong-kong-china-2020/.

———. “MADELEINE ALBRIGHT.” National Endowment for Democracy, November 19, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211119235654/https://www.ned.org/experts/madeleine-albright/.

———. “NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR DEMOCRACY NAMES EDMUND M. GLABUS CHIEF OPERATING OFFICER.” National Endowment for Democracy (blog), March 26, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20211118064727/https://www.ned.org/national-endowment-for-democracy-names-edmund-m-glabus-chief-operating-officer/.

———. “NEW THREATS TO CIVIL SOCIETY AND THE RULE OF LAW IN HONG KONG.” National Endowment for Democracy (blog), May 14, 2019. https://www.ned.org/events/new-threats-to-civil-society-and-the-rule-of-law-in-hong-kong/.

———. “THE HONORABLE ILEANA ROS-LEHTINEN.” National Endowment for Democracy, September 29, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210929145224/https://www.ned.org/experts/the-honorable-ileana-ros-lehtinen/.

———. “THE HONORABLE KAREN BASS (VICE CHAIRMAN).” National Endowment for Democracy, January 10, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220110061638/https://www.ned.org/experts/the-honorable-karen-bass/.

———. “THE HONORABLE PETER ROSKAM (VICE CHAIRMAN).” National Endowment for Democracy, November 21, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211121190241/https://www.ned.org/experts/peter-roskam/.

———. “TIBET (CHINA) 2020.” National Endowment for Democracy, February 25, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211025152015/https://www.ned.org/region/asia/tibet-china-2020/.

———. “UKRAINE 2020.” National Endowment for Democracy, February 22, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210913081816/https://www.ned.org/region/central-and-eastern-europe/ukraine-2020/.

———. “XINJIANG / EAST TURKESTAN (CHINA) 2020.” National Endowment for Democracy, February 25, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20220120220437/https://www.ned.org/region/asia/xinjiang-east-turkestan-china-2020/.

———. “ZBIGNIEW BRZEZINSKI.” National Endowment for Democracy, November 20, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211120010448/https://www.ned.org/experts/zbigniewbrzezinski/.

National Statistics Office. “MONTHLY AVERAGE INCOME PER HOUSEHOLD, by Urban and Rural, /1997-2021/.” Mongolia, 2021. https://www.1212.mn/en/statistic/statcate/48171310/table-view/DT_NSO_1900_001V1.

Naureckas, Jim. “As If Reality Wasn’t Bad Enough.” Extra! By Fairness and Accuracy In Reporting, November 1, 2001. https://fair.org/extra/as-if-reality-wasnt-bad-enough/.

Nebehay, Stephanie. “U.N. Rights Boss to Visit China in May, Including Xinjiang, but Activists Demand Report.” Reuters, March 8, 2022. https://www.reuters.com/world/china/un-rights-boss-bachelet-says-china-visit-agreed-may-including-xinjiang-2022-03-08/.

Nechepurenko, Ivan. “Faced with Foreign Pressure, Russians Rally around Putin, Poll Shows.” The New York Times, March 31, 2022. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/31/world/europe/putin-approval-rating-russia.html.

Nevada Appeal. “U.S. Money Helped Groups That Joined Opposition in Ukraine.” Nevada Appeal, December 9, 2004. https://www.nevadaappeal.com/news/2004/dec/09/us-money-helped-groups-that-joined-opposition-in-u/.

Nguyen, Kham and Ju-min Park. “From Comrades to Assassins, North Korea and Vietnam Eye New Chapter with Trump-Kim Summit.” Reuters, February 15, 2019. https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-northkorea-usa-vietnam-analysis-idUKKCN1Q40UU.

NHK World-Japan. “China’s Q2 GDP Grows 6.3% Year-on-Year.” NHK World-Japan, July 16, 2023. https://www3.nhk.or.jp/nhkworld/en/news/20230717_08/.

Nilsson, Patricia. “Swedish Society’s Big Divisions — in 6 Charts.” Financial Times, August 29, 2018. https://www.ft.com/content/3b9566e4-941a-11e8-b747-fb1e803ee64e.

Nixon, Ron. “U.S. Groups Helped Nurture Arab Uprisings.” The New York Times, April 14, 2011. https://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/15/world/15aid.html.

Nkrumah, Kwame. Handbook of Revolutionary Warfare. New York: International Publishers, 1968. https://consciencism.files.wordpress.com/2018/08/handbook-of-revolutionary-warfare-a-guide-to-the-armed-phase-of-the-african-revolution-copy.pdf.

———. Neo-Colonialism, the Last Stage of Imperialism. London: Panaf Books, 1965. https://www.marxists.org/subject/africa/nkrumah/neo-colonialism/neo-colonialism.pdf.

Nolan, Daniel. “Hungary Orders 100-Mile Serbia Border Fence to Keep out Migrants.” The Telegraph, June 17, 2015. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/hungary/11680840/Hungary-orders-100-mile-Serbia-border-fence-to-keep-out-migrants.html.

No-zhuangbility. “我们这些平头小百姓，为什么替政府说话? (Why do we ordinary people speak for the government?).” Text. Weibo, July 21, 2021. https://m.weibo.cn/status/KpTptwzI0.

Nugent, Ciara. “Read the Transcript of TIME’s Interview With Chile’s President Gabriel Boric.” Time, August 31, 2022. https://time.com/6209557/gabriel-boric-transcript/.

Nugent, Ciara and Charlie Campell. “The U.S. and China Are Battling for Influence in Latin America, and the Pandemic Has Raised the Stakes.” Time, February 4, 2021. https://time.com/5936037/us-china-latin-america-influence/.

Núñez Tenorio, J. R. Estrategia y Táctica: ¿Cómo hacer? ¿Cuál es la salida? [Strategy and Tactics: How to do it? What is the way out?]. Second edition. Caracas: Fundación Fondo Editorial de la Asamblea Nacional “Willian Lara,” 2014.

Nuriman and Joshua Lipes. “‘Letters of Hope’ for Uyghurs Urge Rights Czar Bachelet to Break UN ‘Silence’ on Xinjiang.” Radio Free Asia, April 6, 2021. https://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/bachelet-04062021181110.html.

Nyabiage, Jevans. “China Gives Support to Africa Push for Seat at G20, UN Security Council.” South China Morning Post, January 28, 2023. https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3207847/china-gives-support-africa-push-seat-g20-un-security-council.

———. “China’s DR Congo Hydropower Projects: A Win-Win Deal or Short Circuit?” South China Morning Post, June 12, 2021. https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3137080/chinas-dr-congo-hydropower-projects-win-win-deal-or-short.

———. “Ghana Goes Ahead with US$2 Billion Chinese Bauxite Barter Deal That Has Conservationists up in Arms.” South China Morning Post, November 17, 2019. https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3037993/ghana-goes-ahead-us2-billion-chinese-bauxite-barter-deal-has.

Obobisa, Emma Serwaa, Haibo Chen, Emmanuel Caesar Ayamba, and Claudia Nyarko Mensah. “The Causal Relationship Between China-Africa Trade, China OFDI, and Economic Growth of African Countries.” SAGE Open, December 21, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440211064899.

Obokata, Tomoya. “Contemporary Forms of Slavery Affecting Persons Belonging to Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minority Communities.” United Nations Human Rights Council, July 19, 2022. https://undocs.org/A/HRC/51/26.

Observatory of Economic Complexity. “Ghana.” Economic data visualization and distribution platform. Observatory of Economic Complexity, 2020. https://oec.world/en/profile/country/gha.

Oliveros, Luis. “Impacto de las Sanciones Financieras y Petroleras sobre la Economia Venezolana" [Impact of Financial and Oil Sanctions on the Venezuelan Economy]. Washington, D.C.: Washington Office on Latin America, October 2020. https://www.wola.org/2020/10/new-report-us-sanctions-aggravated-venezuelas-economic-crisis/.

Ondaatjie, Anusha, Philip Glamann, and Tom Hancock. “Sri Lanka IMF Deal Stalls Amid China-World Bank Relief Split.” Bloomberg, February 3, 2023. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-02-03/china-calls-on-imf-to-support-sri-lanka-urgently-with-bailout.

Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. “Compare Your Country (Hungary).” Statistical. Compare your country, 2020. https://www.compareyourcountry.org/social-expenditure/en/0/all/trend/all/HUN.

———. “Compare Your Country (OECD).” Statistical. Compare your country, 2020. https://www.compareyourcountry.org/social-expenditure/en/0/all/trend.

Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development Data. “Outward FDI Stocks by Industry.” OECD Data, 2023. https://data.oecd.org/fdi/outward-fdi-stocks-by-industry.htm.

O’Toole, Randal. “The High‐​Speed Rail Money Sink: Why the United States Should Not Spend Trillions on Obsolete Technology.” Policy Analysis. Cato Institute, April 20, 2021. https://www.cato.org/policy-analysis/high-speed-money-sink-why-united-states-should-not-spend-trillions-obsolete.

Packer, Ian. “1909 People’s Budget.” History. Liberal History, 2022. https://liberalhistory.org.uk/history/1909-peoples-budget/.

Page, Jeremy. “In Xinjiang, Veils Signal Conservative Shift Among Uighurs.” The Wall Street Journal, July 31, 2014. https://www.wsj.com/articles/in-xinjiang-veils-signal-conservative-shift-among-uighurs-1406830554.

Page, Mercedes. “A Tragedy in Xinjiang, a Tragedy for the UN.” The Lowy Institute’s The Interpreter (blog), September 2, 2022. https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/tragedy-xinjiang-tragedy-for-UN.

Palmer, Elizabeth. “Israel Strikes Gaza, Hamas Fires Rockets after Hundreds of Palestinians Wounded in Clashes.” CBS News, May 10, 2021. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/israel-gaza-violence-palestinians-wounded-2021-05-10/.

Palmer, Ewan. “As Jack Ma Goes Missing, Video Predicting He Will Either Die or Go to Jail Resurfaces.” Newsweek, January 4, 2021. https://www.newsweek.com/jack-ma-missing-billionaire-video-alibaba-1558672.

Palmer, James. “Chinese Mortgage Boycott Gains Steam.” Foreign Policy, July 20, 2022. https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/07/20/china-mortgage-boycott-real-estate-crisis/.

———. “The Uighurs, China’s Embattled Muslim Minority, Are Still Seeking an Identity.” The Atlantic, September 27, 2013. https://www.theatlantic.com/china/archive/2013/09/the-uighurs-chinas-embattled-muslim-minority-are-still-seeking-an-identity/280065/.

Pamuk, Humeyra. “Turkish Help for Uighur Refugees Looms over Erdogan Visit to Beijing.” Reuters, July 27, 2015. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-turkey-china-uighurs-insight-idUSKCN0Q10PM20150727.

Pamuk, Humeyra, Sabine Siebold, Robin Emmott, and Vladimir Soldatkin. “Putin Hits Back as NATO Warns Moscow against Attacking Ukraine.” Reuters, November 30, 2021. https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/with-us-intelligence-nato-discuss-russian-intent-near-ukraine-2021-11-30/.

Pantsov, Alexsander V. and Steven I. Levine. Deng Xiaoping: A Revolutionary Life. New York: Oxford University Press, 2015.

Parenti, Michael. Blackshirts & Reds: Rational Fascism & the Overthrow of Communism. San Francisco: City Lights Books, 1997. https://archive.org/details/michael-parenti-blackshirts-and-reds.

———. “Global Rollback: After Communism.” Red Sails, January 6, 2023. https://redsails.org/global-rollback/.

Parker, David. “Privatization in the European Union: A Critical Assessment of Its Development, Rationale and Consequences.” Economic and Industrial Democracy 20, no. 1 (February 1, 1999): 9–38. https://doi.org/10.1177/0143831X99201002.

Parodi, Carlos A., Elizabeth Van Wie Davis, and Elizabeth Rexford. “The Silent Demise of Democracy: The Role of the Clinton Administration in the 1994 Yemeni Civil War.” Arab Studies Quarterly 16, no. 4 (1994): 65–76.

Partido Socialista Unido de Venezuela. “Estatutos del Partido Socialista Unido de Venezuela (PSUV) (Statutes of the United Socialist Party of Venezuela).” Partido Socialista Unido de Venezuela, April 2010. http://www.psuv.org.ve/psuv/estatutos/.

Patel, Sonal. “China Starts Up First Fourth-Generation Nuclear Reactor.” Power, February 1, 2022. https://www.powermag.com/china-starts-up-first-fourth-generation-nuclear-reactor/.

Patnaik, Utsa and Prabhat Patnaik. “The Drain of Wealth.” Monthly Review 72, no. 8 (February 1, 2021). https://monthlyreview.org/2021/02/01/the-drain-of-wealth/.

Pearson, Michael. “North Korean General, Reported Executed, Turns up at Party Congress.” CNN, May 10, 2016. https://www.cnn.com/2016/05/10/asia/north-korea-army-chief-ri-yong-gil-alive.

Peerenboom, Randall. “Assessing Human Rights in China: Why the Double Standard.” Cornell International Law Journal 38, no. 1 (2005): 72–172.

People’s Bank of China. “关于进一步防范和处置虚拟货币交易炒作风险的通知 (‘Notice on Further Preventing and Dealing with the Risk of Speculation in Virtual Currency Transactions’).” People’s Bank of China, September 24, 2021. https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/4QWsmCyksuDGQO8eKiixwA.

People’s Republic of China. “Constitution of the People’s Republic of China.” The State Council of the People’s Republic of China, November 20, 2019. https://english.www.gov.cn/archive/lawsregulations/201911/20/content_WS5ed8856ec6d0b3f0e9499913.html.

Perrigo, Billy. “Trump Administration Freezes Funds Intended to Benefit Hong Kong Protesters.” Time, June 26, 2020. https://time.com/5860163/trump-hong-kong-funding-freeze/.

Pfeifer, Karen. “How Tunisia, Morocco, Jordan and Even Egypt Became IMF ‘Success Stories’ in the 1990s.” Middle East Report, no. 210 (1999): 23–27. https://doi.org/10.2307/3012499.

Pfeiffer, Tom. “Gaddafi Reform Heralds Private Sector Push.” Reuters, March 26, 2008. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-bureaucracy/gaddafi-reform-heralds-private-sector-push-idUSL2534256220080326.

Philip, Snehesh Alex. “What Imran Khan Says Is 9 Lakh Soldiers in Kashmir Is Actually 3.43 Lakh Only.” The Print, November 12, 2019. https://theprint.in/defence/what-imran-khan-says-is-9-lakh-soldiers-in-kashmir-is-actually-3-43-lakh-only/319442/.

Phonevilay, Latsamy. “Construction of Vientiane Station Commences on Laos-China Railway.” The Laotian Times, July 4, 2020. https://laotiantimes.com/2020/07/04/construction-of-vientiane-station-commences-on-laos-china-railway/.

Pickard, Christina. “Trade Dispute With China Puts Australian Wine Industry In a Precarious Position.” Wine Enthusiast, March 10, 2022. https://www.winemag.com/2022/03/10/china-australia-wine-tariffs/.

Pilkington, Ed. “UN General Assembly: 100 Minutes in the Life of Muammar Gaddafi.” The Guardian, September 23, 2009. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/sep/23/gaddafi-un-speech.

Piscopo, Jennifer M. and Peter Siavelis. “Chile Voted to Write a New Constitution. Will It Promise More than the Government Can Deliver?” The Washington Post, October 30, 2020. https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/10/30/chile-voted-write-new-constitution-will-it-promise-more-than-government-can-deliver/.

Politico. “China’s Xi Goes Full Stalin with Purge.” Politico, December 6, 2023. https://www.politico.eu/article/chinas-paranoid-purge-xi-jinping-li-keqiang-qin-gang-li-shangfu/.

Pollack, Andrew. “Japanese Fight Back As U.S. Companies Press Patent Claims.” The New York Times, September 5, 1992. https://www.nytimes.com/1992/09/05/business/japanese-fight-back-as-us-companies-press-patent-claims.html.

Pomfret, James. “Exclusive: Hong Kongers Support Protester Demands; Minority Wants Independence from China - Reuters Poll.” Reuters, December 31, 2019. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-hongkong-protests-poll-exclusive/exclusive-hong-kongers-support-protester-demands-minority-wants-independence-from-china-reuters-poll-idUSKBN1YZ0VK.

Popov, Vladimir. “Mortality and Life Expectancy in Post-Communist Countries.” Dialogue of Civilizations Research Institute, June 5, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20190705210652/https://doc-research.org/2018/06/mortality-life-expectancy-post-communist/.

“PORTRAIT OF VICE PRESIDENT XI JINPING: ‘AMBITIOUS SURVIVOR’ OF THE CULTURAL REVOLUTION.” Wikileaks, November 16, 2009. https://wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/09BEIJING3128_a.html.

Posner, Michael. “China’s Disappearing Billionaires - an Alarming Trend.” CNBC, February 1, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160726114306/http://pub.cnbc.com/2016/02/01/chinas-missing-ceos-and-billionaires-having-a-chilling-effect-commentary.html.

Prendergast, John. “Blood Money for Sudan: World Bank and IMF to the ‘Rescue.’” Africa Today 36, no. 3/4 (1989): 43–53.

Protalinski, Emil. “IPhone Prices from the Original to IPhone X.” VentureBeat (blog), September 12, 2017. https://venturebeat.com/2017/09/12/iphone-prices-from-the-original-to-iphone-x/.

Purohit, Kunal. “After 60 Years in India, Why Are Tibetans Leaving?” Al Jazeera, March 21, 2019. https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2019/3/21/after-60-years-in-india-why-are-tibetans-leaving.

Putin, Vladimir. “Open Letter to Voters.” President of Russia Website, February 25, 2000. http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/transcripts/24144.

Qiao Collective. “Attacks on Xinjiang and Beyond.” Media. Qiao Collective, 2021. https://www.qiaocollective.com/attacks-on-xinjiang.

Radchenko, Sergey. “Why Were the Russians in Vietnam?” The New York Times, March 27, 2018. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/27/opinion/russians-vietnam-war.html.

Raddatz, Martha and Luis Martinez. “ABC News Exclusive: Inside the US Nuclear Ballistic Missile Submarine in South Korea.” ABC News, July 20, 2023. https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/abc-news-exclusive-inside-us-ballistic-missile-submarine/story?id=101497874.

Radio Free Asia. “Who Are the Uyghurs.” Radio Free Asia, July 9, 2009. https://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/uyghurs_facts-07092009163637.html.

Raiffeissen Research. “CEE Banking Sector Report.” Raiffeissen, June 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20151123062842/http://www.rbinternational.com/eBusiness/services/resources/media/829189266947841370-829189181316930732_829602947997338151-1078945710712239641-1-2-EN-9.pdf.

———. “CEE Banking Sector Report 2020.” Raiffeissen, November 2020. https://www.raiffeisenresearch.com/servlet/NoAuthLibraryServlet?action=viewDocument&encrypt=b0bc1dfb-a056-4e1e-95ea-11c305f117e5&mime=HTML.

Rajah, Roland and Alyssa Leng. “Chart of the Week: Global Trade through a US-China Lens.” The Lowy Institute’s The Interpreter (blog), December 18, 2019. https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/chart-week-global-trade-through-us-china-lens.

Ramos, Daniel and Santiago Limachi. “Supporters of Bolivia’s Morales March with Coffins of Dead Protesters.” Reuters, November 21, 2019. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-bolivia-politics/supporters-of-bolivias-morales-march-with-coffins-of-dead-protesters-idUSKBN1XV1O3.

Ramzy, Austin. “China’s New Healthcare Could Cover Millions More.” Time, April 9, 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20130826183344/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1890306,00.html.

Ramzy, Austin and Chris Buckley. “‘Absolutely No Mercy’: Leaked Files Expose How China Organized Mass Detentions of Muslims.” The New York Times, November 16, 2019. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/11/16/world/asia/china-xinjiang-documents.html.

Rapoza, Kenneth. “China Has Forgiven Nearly $10 Billion In Debt. Cuba Accounts For Over Half.” Forbes, May 29, 2019. https://www.forbes.com/sites/kenrapoza/2019/05/29/china-has-forgiven-nearly-10-billion-in-debt-cuba-accounts-for-over-half.

Rappeport, Alan. “Pressure Mounts on China to Offer Debt Relief to Poor Countries Facing Default.” The New York Times, April 14, 2023. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/14/business/economy/china-debt-relief.html.

Raziel, Zedryk. “Un documento desclasificado revela que el presidente mexicano José López Portillo fue un informante de la CIA (A declassified document reveals that Mexican President José López Portillo was a CIA informant).” El Pais, April 15, 2023. https://elpais.com/mexico/2023-04-15/un-documento-desclasificado-revela-que-el-expresidente-mexicano-jose-lopez-portillo-tuvo-vinculos-con-la-cia.html.

Reality Check team. “Syria War: Who Benefits from Its Oil Production?” British Broadcasting Corporation, November 21, 2019. https://www.bbc.com/news/50464561.

Record China. “事実を確かめずにウイグル会議情報を流布―現地11回調査の大西慶大教授が西側キャンペーンに反論 (Dissemination of Uyghur Congress information without confirming the facts: Professor Onishi of Keio University, who conducted 11 local surveys, refutes Western campaigns).” News Aggregator. Record China (blog), August 16, 2021. https://www.recordchina.co.jp/b880949-s25-c100-d0199.html.

Reddaway, Peter. “BEWARE THE RUSSIAN REFORMER.” The Washington Post, August 24, 1997. https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/1997/08/24/beware-the-russian-reformer/e1074efc-c606-4076-9946-c1332d7001cd/.

Rep. Gilman, Benjamin A. (R-NY-20). Iran and Libya Sanctions Act of 1996, Pub. L. No. H.R.3107 (1996). https://www.congress.gov/bill/104th-congress/house-bill/3107/text.

Rep. McGovern, James P. [D-MA-2]. H.R.6256 - 117th Congress (2021-2022): To ensure that goods made with forced labor in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of the People’s Republic of China do not enter the United States market, and for other purposes., Pub. L. No. H.R.6256 (2021). https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-bill/6256.

Republic of Venezuela. “Constitution of the Republic of Venezuela,” January 16, 1961. https://tatanegara.ui.ac.id/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/VENEZUELA.doc.

Reuters. “Analysis: China’s Mortgage Boycott Quietly Regroups as Construction Idles.” Reuters, September 18, 2022. https://www.reuters.com/world/china/chinas-mortgage-boycott-quietly-regroups-construction-idles-2022-09-19/.

———. “China’s Communist Party Expels Former Boss of Hangzhou for Graft.” Reuters, January 25, 2022. https://www.reuters.com/world/china/former-communist-party-boss-chinas-hangzhou-expelled-anti-graft-watchdog-2022-01-26/.

———. “Colombia Presidential Candidate Petro Says Gang Planned to Kill Him on Campaign Trail.” Reuters, May 2, 2022. https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/colombia-presidential-candidate-petro-says-gang-planned-attack-him-campaign-2022-05-02/.

———. “Congo Demands $17 Bln More in Infrastructure Investments from China Deal.” Reuters, February 17, 2023. https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/congo-demands-17-bln-more-infrastructure-investments-china-deal-2023-02-16/.

———. “Evergrande Founder Joins List of Chinese Tycoons Investigated, Arrested.” Reuters, September 29, 2023. https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/evergrande-founder-joins-list-chinese-tycoons-investigated-arrested-2023-09-29/.

———. “Gazprom Says Russian Gas Deliveries to EU Are down 48% This Year.” Reuters, September 7, 2022. https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/gazprom-says-russian-gas-deliveries-eu-are-down-48-this-year-2022-09-07/.

———. “Misinformation Spreads on Social Media in Chile Ahead of Vote on New Constitution.” NBC News, August 29, 2022. https://www.nbcnews.com/news/latino/misinformation-spreads-social-media-chile-ahead-vote-new-constitution-rcna45247.

———. “Russia’s Economy Contracted 2.1% in 2022, Less than Expected.” Nikkei, February 21, 2023. https://asia.nikkei.com/Economy/Russia-s-economy-contracted-2.1-in-2022-less-than-expected.

———. “Universal Electronics <UEIC.O> Ended Relationship with Agency Linked to Uyghur Workers.” Reuters, October 20, 2021. https://www.reuters.com/world/china/universal-electronics-ended-relationship-with-agency-linked-uyghur-workers-2021-10-20/.

———. “U.S. Calls Xinjiang an ‘open-Air Prison,’ Decries Religious Persecution by China.” Reuters, May 12, 2021. https://www.reuters.com/world/us-calls-xinjiang-an-open-air-prison-decries-religious-persecution-by-china-2021-05-12/.

———. “U.S. Plans January Rollout of Projects to Counter China’s Belt and Road Initiative, Official Says.” CNBC, November 8, 2021. https://www.cnbc.com/2021/11/09/us-project-aims-to-counter-chinas-belt-and-road-initiative-official.html.

Reuters Staff. “Bolivia Returns $350 Mln to IMF after ‘irregular and Onerous’ Loan.” Reuters, February 17, 2021. https://www.reuters.com/article/bolivia-economy-imf/bolivia-returns-350-mln-to-imf-after-irregular-and-onerous-loan-idUSL1N2KO025.

———. “China Backs Congo’s Ban on 6 Small Chinese Mining Companies.” Reuters, September 14, 2021. https://www.reuters.com/article/congo-mining-china/china-backs-congos-ban-on-6-small-chinese-mining-companies-idUSL8N2QG3G2.

———. “China Could Build 30 ‘Belt and Road’ Nuclear Reactors by 2030: Official.” Reuters, June 19, 2019. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-nuclearpower-idUSKCN1TL0HZ.

———. “China Rejigs Cotton Policy for Top Grower Xinjiang.” Reuters, March 16, 2017. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-cotton-prices-idUSKBN16O0G0.

———. “China to Try Uighur Journalist on ‘Security’ - Report.” Reuters, July 21, 2010. https://www.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-50314020100722.

———. “Factbox: Venezuela’s Nationalizations under Chavez.” Reuters, October 7, 2012. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-election-nationalizations/factbox-venezuelas-nationalizations-under-chavez-idUSBRE89701X20121008.

———. “Hatoyama, Obama to Talk on Futenma Air Base: Report.” Reuters, May 25, 2010. https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE64O5XW20100525.

———. “Libya Sets up $24 Bln Fund for Housing.” Reuters, January 27, 2011. https://www.reuters.com/article/libya-fund-investment-idUSLDE70Q1ZM20110127.

Ricardo Alarcón de Quesada. “The Truth About the ‘Embargo’ on Cuba.” CounterPunch, October 5, 2006. https://www.counterpunch.org/2006/10/05/the-truth-about-the-quot-embargo-quot-on-cuba/.

Richburg, Keith B. “China Feels It No Longer Needs the Foreign Media. But It Still Can’t Hide.” University of Melbourne: Asialink Insights, October 14, 2020. https://asialink.unimelb.edu.au/insights/china-feels-it-no-longer-needs-the-foreign-media-but-it-still-cant-hide.

Roberts, Geoffrey. “‘Now or Never’: The Immediate Origins of Putin’s Preventative War on Ukraine.” Journal of Military and Strategic Studies 22, no. 2 (December 12, 2022): 3–27.

Robinson, Michael Edson. Korea’s Twentieth-Century Odyssey. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2007. https://archive.org/details/koreastwentieth00robi/page/119/mode/2up.

Robinson, William I. “THE UNBEARABLE MANICHEANISM OF THE ‘ANTI-IMPERIALIST’ LEFT.” The Philosophical Salon, August 7, 2023. https://thephilosophicalsalon.com/the-unbearable-manicheanism-of-the-anti-imperialist-left/.

Rochabrun, Marcelo. “Peru PM Warns Gas Sector: Pay Higher Taxes or Face Nationalization.” Reuters, September 26, 2021. https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/peru-pm-warns-gas-sector-pay-higher-taxes-or-face-nationalization-2021-09-26/.

Rohter, Larry. “Now Chavez Takes On the Church in Venezuela.” The New York Times, December 19, 1999. https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/library/world/americas/121999venezuela-politics.html.

Root, Tik. “U.S. Is Top Contributor to Plastic Waste, Report Shows.” The Washington Post, December 1, 2021. https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2021/12/01/plastic-waste-ocean-us/.

Rose, David. “Iraqi Defectors Tricked Us with WMD Lies, but We Must Not Be Fooled Again.” The Guardian, May 29, 2004. https://amp.theguardian.com/media/2004/may/30/Iraqandthemedia.iraq.

Rosenberg, Matt. “The World’s Newest Countries Since 1990.” ThoughtCo (blog), July 10, 2019. https://www.thoughtco.com/new-countries-of-the-world-1433444.

Ross, Aaron. “China’s ‘infrastructure for Minerals’ Deal Gets Reality-Check in Congo.” Reuters, July 9, 2015. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-congodemocratic-mining-china-insight/chinas-infrastructure-for-minerals-deal-gets-reality-check-in-congo-idUSKCN0PI1UB20150709.

RT. “ISIS Tries to ‘Sell’ Chinese, Norwegian Hostages in Online Magazine.” RT, September 10, 2015. https://www.rt.com/news/314883-isis-hostages-sale-magazine/.

———. “Yuan Overtakes Dollar on Moscow Exchange.” RT, August 18, 2022. https://www.rt.com/business/561100-yuan-beats-dollar-moscow-exchange/.

Rubin, Ben Fox. “Costing $200 to Make, the IPhone 6 Should Offer Big Profits for Apple.” CNET, September 23, 2014. https://www.cnet.com/tech/mobile/costing-200-to-make-the-iphone-6-should-offer-big-profits-for-apple/.

Rubin, Michael. “Putin’s War in Ukraine Could Mean the Collapse of Russia.” American Enterprise Institute, February 27, 2022. https://www.aei.org/op-eds/putins-war-in-ukraine-could-mean-the-collapse-of-russia/.

Rudelson, J. J., J. B. A. Rudelson, and J. Ben-Adam. Oasis Identities: Uyghur Nationalism Along China’s Silk Road. Columbia University Press, 1997. https://books.google.com/books?id=DMU8Ue0HECcC.

Ruser, Nathan, James Leibold, Kelsey Munro, and Tilla Hoja. “Cultural Erasure: Tracing the Destruction of Uyghur and Islamic Spaces in Xinjiang.” Policy Brief. Australian Strategic Policy Institute, September 24, 2020. https://ad-aspi.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/2020-09/Cultural%20erasure_0.pdf?VersionId=NlJYOaEV6DF3IfupGsdb73xtX0wCNokg.

Russian Federation and People’s Republic of China. “China-Russia: Joint Declaration on a Multipolar World and the Establishment of a New International Order.” International Legal Materials 36, no. 4 (1997): 986–89. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020782900015138.

rybar. “Об отходе из Херсона (‘On the departure from Kherson’).” Channel post. Telegram, November 9, 2022. https://t.me/rybar/41019.

Sa’adat, Ahmad. Interview with Ahmad Sa’adat in Jericho Prison – February 2006, February 21, 2006. https://web.archive.org/web/20150222140347/http://pflp.ps/english/2006/02/21/interview-with-ahmad-saadat-in-jericho-prison-february-2006/.

Saba News Agency. “FM Announces Yemen’s Solidarity with China.” Saba News Agency, February 3, 2020. https://www.saba.ye/en/news3086729.htm.

Sachs, Jeffrey and David Lipton. “HOW YUGOSLAVIA CAN SAVE ITSELF.” The Washington Post, December 31, 1989. https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/1989/12/31/how-yugoslavia-can-save-itself/64cd3d31-cda1-4ab5-b470-4dd4581c07c5/.

Salama, Fatima. “بالوثائق: رسائل صينية للحكومة اللبنانية وعروضات..استعداد للتعاون بمشاريع تصل الى حد الـ50 مليار دولار (Chinese letters to the Lebanese government and offers to cooperate in projects amounting to $50 billion).” Al-Ahed News, June 18, 2020. https://alahednews.com.lb/article.php?id=20561&cid=125.

Salehi-Isfahani, Djavad. “Poverty and Income Inequality in the Islamic Republic of Iran.” Revue Internationale Des Études Du Développement N° 229 (April 6, 2017): 113. https://doi.org/10.3917/ried.229.0113.

———. “Rising Poverty and Falling Living Standards in Iran in 2020.” Economics Blog. Tyranny of Numbers, August 28, 2021. Economics blog. https://djavadsalehi.com/2021/08/28/rising-poverty-and-falling-living-standards-in-iran-in-2020/.

Salmon, Andrew. “Belated American Apology for Korean War Massacre.” Asia Times, November 16, 2020. https://asiatimes.com/2020/11/belated-american-apology-for-korean-war-massacre/.

Sarkees, Meredith Reid and Frank Wayman. Resort to War: 1816 - 2007. Data Set. Washington, D.C.: CQ Press, 2010. https://correlatesofwar.org/data-sets/COW-war.

Sautman, Barry. “Affirmative Action, Ethnic Minorities and China’s Universities.” Pacific Rim Law & Policy Journal 7, no. 1 (January 1988): 77–116.

———. “‘Cultural Genocide’ and Tibet.” Texas International Law Journal 38 (2003): 173–247.

———. “Ethnic Policies: China Vs US and India.” The Adelaide Review, September 10, 2013. https://www.adelaidereview.com.au/latest/opinion/2013/09/10/ethnic-policies-china-vs-us-and-india/.

———. “Is Tibet China’s Colony: The Claim of Demographic Catastrophe.” Columbia Journal of Asian Law 15, no. 1 (September 1, 2001). https://doi.org/10.7916/cjal.v15i1.3205.

———. “Is Xinjiang an Internal Colony?” Inner Asia 2, no. 2 (2000): 239–71.

———. “Paved with Good Intentions: Proposals to Curb Minority Rights and Their Consequences for China.” Modern China 38, no. 1 (January 1, 2012): 10–39. https://doi.org/10.1177/0097700411424563.

———. “Scaling Back Minority Rights?: The Debate about China’s Ethnic Policies.” Stanford Journal of International Law 46 (June 1, 2010): 51–120.

Savage, Rachel. “African States’ Private Debts Three Times That Owed to China.” Reuters, July 11, 2022. https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/african-states-private-debts-three-times-that-owed-china-2022-07-11/.

Savov, Vlad and Debby Wu. “Huawei Teardown Shows Chip Breakthrough in Blow to US Sanctions.” Bloomberg, September 3, 2023. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2023-09-04/look-inside-huawei-mate-60-pro-phone-powered-by-made-in-china-chip.

Scahill, Jeremy. “The Assassination Complex.” The Intercept, October 15, 2015. https://theintercept.com/drone-papers/the-assassination-complex/.

Scheiring, Gábor, Aytalina Azarova, Darja Irdam, Katarzyna Doniec, Martin McKee, David Stuckler, and Lawrence King. “Deindustrialisation and the Post-Socialist Mortality Crisis.” Cambridge Journal of Economics, March 20, 2023, beac072. https://doi.org/10.1093/cje/beac072.

Schmidt, Blake and Scott Carpenter. “Who Are Russia’s Oligarchs and Can They Sway Putin?” Bloomberg, March 21, 2022. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-03-21/who-are-russia-s-oligarchs-and-can-they-sway-putin-quicktake.

Schmidt, Dirk. “Tibetan Language Readability & Literacy.” University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.17613/M6VW98.

Schofield, Hugh and Paul Kirby. “France’s Macron to Force through Pension Reform with No Vote.” British Broadcasting Corporation, March 16, 2023. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-64967516.

Scholz, Olaf. “We Don’t Want to Decouple from China, but Can’t Be Overreliant.” Politico, November 3, 2022. https://www.politico.eu/article/olaf-scholz-we-dont-want-to-decouple-from-china-but-cant-be-overreliant/.

Schultz, Kristen. Tropical Versailles: Empire, Monarchy, and the Portuguese Royal Court in Rio De Janeiro, 1808-1821. New York: Routledge, 2001.

Scissors, Derek. “Deng Undone: The Costs of Halting Market Reform in China.” Foreign Affairs 88, no. 3 (2009): 24–39.

SCMP Reporter. “Urumqi Remains Divided by Fear and Mistrust.” South China Morning Post, December 22, 2009. https://www.scmp.com/article/701931/urumqi-remains-divided-fear-and-mistrust.

Scott, James and Carie Steele. “Assisting Democrats or Resisting Dictators? The Nature and Impact of Democracy Support by the United States National Endowment for Democracy, 1990–99.” Democratization 12, no. 4 (2005): 439–60. https://doi.org/10.1080/13510340500225947.

Sebestyen, Victor. “The Accidental Uprising: How ‘corpse’ Killed Communism.” The Independent, November 22, 2009. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/the-accidental-uprising-how-corpse-killed-communism-1825400.html.

Seeley, J.R. The Expansion of England: Two Courses of Lectures. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1883.

Sellers, Frances Stead. “It’s Almost 2020, and 2 Million Americans Still Don’t Have Running Water, According to New Report.” The Washington Post, December 11, 2019. https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/its-almost-2020-and-2-million-americans-still-dont-have-running-water-new-report-says/2019/12/10/a0720e8a-14b3-11ea-a659-7d69641c6ff7_story.html.

Semple, Kirk, Joseph Goldstein, and Jeffrey E. Singer. “Asylum Fraud in Chinatown: An Industry of Lies.” The New York Times, February 22, 2014. nytimes.com/2014/02/23/nyregion/asylum-fraud-in-chinatown-industry-of-lies.html.

Sha Hua. “U.S. Puts New Limits on Visas for Chinese Journalists.” The Wall Street Journal, May 9, 2020. https://www.wsj.com/articles/u-s-puts-new-limits-on-visas-for-chinese-journalists-11589005068.

Shalal, Andrea. “Yellen Raps China for Serving as ‘roadblock’ in Debt Restructuring Process.” Reuters, April 20, 2023. https://www.reuters.com/markets/us/yellen-raps-china-serving-roadblock-debt-restructuring-process-2023-04-20/.

Shanghai Metals Market. “Pedro Castillo Wins a New Round of Elections in Peru to Recommend Nationalization of Mines.” News. Shanghai Metals Market News (blog), April 15, 2021. https://news.metal.com/newscontent/101454842/pedro-castillo-wins-a-new-round-of-elections-in-peru-to-recommend-nationalization-of-mines.

Shen, Alice. “Chinese Man Jailed for a Year for Insulting Genghis Khan.” South China Morning Post, December 15, 2017. https://www.scmp.com/news/china/society/article/2124499/chinese-man-jailed-year-insulting-genghis-khan.

Shepard, Wade. “How People In China Afford Their Outrageously Expensive Homes.” Forbes, March 30, 2016. https://www.forbes.com/sites/wadeshepard/2016/03/30/how-people-in-china-afford-their-outrageously-expensive-homes/.

———. “What China Is Really Up To In Africa.” Forbes, October 3, 2019. https://www.forbes.com/sites/wadeshepard/2019/10/03/what-china-is-really-up-to-in-africa.

Sheppard, David, Chris Cook, James Politi, and Anastasia Stognei. “Almost No Russian Oil Is Sold below $60 Cap, Say Western Officials.” Financial Times, November 14, 2023. https://www.ft.com/content/09e8ee14-a665-4644-8ec5-5972070463ad.

Shorrock, Tim. “A Former Prime Minister Criticizes Abe’s ‘Ridiculous’ Attempt to Militarize Japan.” 한국탐사저널리즘센터 (Korea Center for Investigative Journalism), February 22, 2018. https://newstapa.org/article/N17T7OgtPcw.

Shuaib, Ali. “Libya’s Gaddafi Uses Loans to Flex Global Muscle.” Reuters, February 9, 2011. https://www.reuters.com/article/ozatp-libya-foreign-loans-idAFJOE7180G420110209.

Sierra, Stephanie, Lindsey Feingold, and John Kelly. “Police Department Budget up 4.4% since 2019, despite SF Officials Making Bold Promises to Defund.” ABC7 News, October 13, 2022. https://abc7news.com/sfpd-budget-defund-the-police-department-funding/12321818/.

Silversmith, Shondiin. “Large Census Undercount of Indigenous People on Tribal Lands Means Fewer Resources, Political Power.” Arizona Mirror, April 12, 2022. https://sourcenm.com/2022/04/12/large-census-undercount-of-indigenous-people-on-tribal-lands-means-fewer-resources-political-power/.

Silversmith, Shondiin and Ryan Randazzo. “Largest Coal Plant in the West Shuts down, Dealing Financial Losses to Native American Tribes.” USA Today, November 18, 2019. https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/2019/11/18/navajo-generating-station-coal-plant-arizona-closes/4232386002/.

Simon, Frédéric. “With Russian Gas Gone, Coal Makes EU Comeback as ‘Traditional Fuel.’” Euractiv, January 26, 2023. https://www.euractiv.com/section/coal/news/with-russian-gas-gone-coal-makes-eu-comeback-as-traditional-fuel/.

Sison, Jose Maria. Specific Characteristics of People’s War in the Philippines. Answers to Guide Questions from ND Online School of Anakbayan-Europe. June 27, 2021. http://bannedthought.net/Philippines/CPP/Sison/2021/Sison-SpecificCharacteristicsOfPeoplesWarInPhilippines-2021-06-27.pdf.

———. “The Filipino People’s Revolutionary Armed Struggle for National and Social Liberation in the Past 50 Years.” Communist Party of the Philippines, March 28, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191206043046/https://cpp.ph/statement/the-filipino-peoples-revolutionary-armed-struggle-for-national-and-social-liberation-in-the-past-50-years/.

Sketchers. “STATEMENT OF SKECHERS USA, INC. ON UYGHURS.” Sketchers USA, March 2021. https://about.skechers.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/SKECHERS-USA-STATEMENT-UYGHURS-March-2021.pdf.

Smith, Joanna. “Truth and Reconciliation Commission’s Report Details Deaths of 3,201 Children in Residential Schools.” Toronto Star, December 15, 2015. https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2015/12/15/truth-and-reconciliation-commissions-report-details-deaths-of-3201-children-in-residential-schools.html.

Smith, Stansfield. “Is Russia Imperialist?” Monthly Review, January 2, 2019. https://mronline.org/2019/01/02/is-russia-imperialist/.

Smits, Jeroen, and Iñaki Permanyer. “The Subnational Human Development Database.” Scientific Data 6, no. 1 (March 12, 2019): 190038. https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2019.38.

Solovyov, Dmitry. “Soviet Nostalgia Binds Divergent CIS States.” Reuters, December 8, 2011. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-cis/soviet-nostalgia-binds-divergent-cis-states-idUSTRE7B713O20111208.

Sorrentino, Constance. “International Unemployment Rates: How Comparable Are They?” Monthly Labor Review 123, no. 6 (June 2000): 3–20.

South African History Online. “The Native Land Act Is Passed.” History. South African History Online, September 30, 2019. https://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/native-land-act-passed.

Spokesperson发言人办公室 (@MFA_China). “To Effectively Resolve the Debt Issue, the Key Lies in Joint Participation of Multilateral, Bilateral and Commercial Creditors under the Principles of Joint Actions and Fair Burden-Sharing.” Tweet. Twitter, April 14, 2023. https://twitter.com/MFA_China/status/1646893449935982593.

St. John, Ronald Bruce. “The Changing Libyan Economy: Causes and Consequences.” Middle East Journal 62, no. 1 (Winter 2008): 75–91.

Stalin, J. V. Foundations of Leninism. Marxists Internet Archive, 2008. https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1924/foundations-leninism/.

———. “Inevitability of Wars Among Capitalist Countries.” In Economic Problems of Socialism, 32–37. Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1952. https://soviethistory.msu.edu/1947-2/cold-war/cold-war-texts/stalin-on-the-inevitability-of-war-with-capitalism/.

———. “The Nation.” In Marxism and the National Question. Vienna, 1913. Marxists Internet Archive. https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1913/03a.htm#s1.

Stanway, David. “China to Step up Tree Planting Campaign to Help Reach Net Zero.” Reuters, August 20, 2021. https://www.reuters.com/world/china/china-step-up-tree-planting-campaign-help-reach-net-zero-2021-08-20/.

Stargardter, Gabriel and Matt Spetalnick. “EXCLUSIVE CIA Chief Told Bolsonaro Government Not to Mess with Brazil Election, Sources Say.” Reuters, May 5, 2022. https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/exclusive-cia-chief-told-bolsonaro-government-not-mess-with-brazil-election-2022-05-05/.

Starrs, Sean. “American Economic Power Hasn’t Declined—It Globalized! Summoning the Data and Taking Globalization Seriously.” International Studies Quarterly 57, no. 4 (December 1, 2013): 817–30. https://doi.org/10.1111/isqu.12053.

———. Signs of the Times #3 - On US Decline, with Sean Starrs. Video, June 3, 2022. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZOFFF86TNAg.

State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission of the State Council (SASAC). “Name List of Central SOEs.” Government. State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission of the State Council (SASAC), 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20080705114558/http://www.sasac.gov.cn/n2963340/n2971121/n4956567/4956583.html.

Steinbuch, Yaron. “North Koreans Banned from Laughing as Country Mourns Kim Jong Il’s Death.” New York Post, December 17, 2021. https://nypost.com/2021/12/17/north-koreans-banned-from-laughing-as-country-mourns-kim-jong-ils-death/.

Stevenson, Alexandra. “China Expels 3 Wall Street Journal Reporters as Media Relations Sour.” The New York Times, February 19, 2020. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/19/business/media/china-wall-street-journal.html.

———. “China Is Dismantling the Empire of a Vanished Tycoon.” The New York Times, July 18, 2020. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/18/business/china-xiao-jianhua.html.

———. “Chinese Canadian Billionaire Sentenced to 13 Years for Financial Crimes.” The New York Times, August 19, 2022. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/19/business/chinese-canadian-billionaire-xiao-jianhua-sentenced.html.

Stockwell, John. Former CIA Agent John Stockwell Talks about How the CIA Worked in Vietnam and Elsewhere. Video, 1983. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NK1tfkESPVY.

Stout, David. “Chávez Calls Bush ‘the Devil’ in U.N. Speech.” The New York Times, September 20, 2006. https://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/20/world/americas/20cnd-chavez.html.

Sudworth, John. “China’s ‘Tainted’ Cotton.” British Broadcasting Corporation, December 2020. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/extra/nz0g306v8c/china-tainted-cotton.

Sultan, Hend ElMahly Mahhoud and Degang Sun. “China’s Participation in the Conflict Resolution in Sudan and South Sudan: A Case of ‘Creative Mediation.’” Briq 1, no. 2 (Spring 2020): 7–23.

Surkov, Vladislav. “The Loneliness of the Half-Breed.” Russia in Global Affairs, May 28, 2018. https://eng.globalaffairs.ru/articles/the-loneliness-of-the-half-breed/.

Sussman, Gerald and Sascha Krader. “Template Revolutions: Marketing U.S. Regime Change in Eastern Europe.” Westminster Papers in Communication and Culture 5, no. 3 (2008): 91–112. https://doi.org/10.16997/wpcc.95.

Sustainable Bus. “Electric Bus, Main Fleets and Projects around the World.” Sustainable Bus, July 12, 2022. https://www.sustainable-bus.com/electric-bus/electric-bus-public-transport-main-fleets-projects-around-world/.

Sweeney, John. “Mining Giant Glencore Accused in Child Labour and Acid Dumping Row.” The Guardian, April 14, 2012. https://www.theguardian.com/business/2012/apr/14/glencore-child-labour-acid-dumping-row.

Sylvaire, Debongo Devincy Yanne, Wu Hua Qing, Chang He Ran, Diane Laure Kassai, Nzabana Vincent, Djossouvi Adjoa Candide Douce, Osei-Kusi Frank, Nguefio Prince Nicaise, Fatoumata Traore, and Awadji Fabrice Boris. “The Impact of China’s Foreign Direct Investment on Africa’s Inclusive Development.” Social Sciences & Humanities Open 6, no. 1 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2022.100276.

Szymczak, Pat Davis. “Tengizchevroil Production Rebounds After Antigovernment Protests Curtailed.” Journal of Petroleum Technology, January 10, 2022. https://jpt.spe.org/tengizchevroil-production-rebounds-after-antigovernment-protests-curtailed.

Talley, Ian and Benoit Faucon. “U.S. to Block Iran’s Request to IMF for $5 Billion Loan to Fight Coronavirus.” The Wall Street Journal, April 7, 2020. https://www.wsj.com/articles/u-s-to-block-irans-request-to-imf-for-5-billion-loan-to-fight-coronavirus-11586301732.

Tan, Su-Lin. “G-7′s Infrastructure Plan Offers an Alternative to China’s Belt and Road Initiative in a ‘Deliberate Way.’” CNBC, June 28, 2022. https://www.cnbc.com/2022/06/28/new-g-7-infrastructure-plan-offers-alternative-to-china-belt-road-.html.

———. “The Indo-Pacific Economic Framework: What It Is — and Why It Matters.” CNBC, May 25, 2022. https://www.cnbc.com/2022/05/26/ipef-what-is-the-indo-pacific-framework-whos-in-it-why-it-matters.html.

———. “Yellen Says the U.S. and Its Allies Should Use ‘Friend-Shoring’ to Give Supply Chains a Boost.” CNBC, July 19, 2022. https://www.cnbc.com/2022/07/19/us-treasury-secretary-on-supply-chain-resilience-use-friend-shoring.html.

Tan, Weizhen. “Australia’s Exports to China Are Jumping despite Their Trade Fight.” CNBC, October 27, 2021. https://www.cnbc.com/2021/10/28/australias-exports-to-china-are-jumping-despite-their-trade-fight.html.

Tan Yingzi and Deng Rui. “Chongqing Residents Unite to Vanquish Wildfires.” China Daily, August 29, 2022. https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202208/29/WS630bf649a310fd2b29e74a35_1.html.

Tanana, Heather and Warigia Bowman. “Energizing Navajo Nation: How Electrification Can Secure a Sustainable Future for Indian Country.” The Brookings Institution, July 14, 2021. https://www.brookings.edu/blog/how-we-rise/2021/07/14/energizing-navajo-nation-how-electrification-can-secure-a-sustainable-future-for-indian-country/.

Tanchum, Michaël. “China’s New Military Base in Africa: What It Means for Europe and America.” European Council on Foreign Relations, December 14, 2021. https://ecfr.eu/article/chinas-new-military-base-in-africa-what-it-means-for-europe-and-america/.

Tang, Wenfang. “The ‘Surprise’ of Authoritarian Resilience in China.” American Affairs 2, no. 1 (February 20, 2018): 101–17.

Tani, Shotaro. “Europe Cuts Gas Demand by a Quarter to Shed Reliance on Russia.” Financial Times, December 5, 2022. https://www.ft.com/content/0ab21afc-d034-4279-8ce1-4469d0ce8489.

TASS. “Putin Calls for Strengthening Emerging Multipolar World Order in Address to BRICS Summit.” TASS, September 9, 2021. https://tass.com/politics/1335835.

Tatlow, Didi Kirsten. “Online, a Censored Reaction to Urumqi Bombing.” The New York Times, May 1, 2014. https://archive.nytimes.com/sinosphere.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/05/01/online-a-censored-reaction-to-urumqi-bombing/.

Taylor, Chloe. “Embattled China Evergrande’s Founder Is No Longer a Billionaire after the Man Once Worth $42 Billion Loses 98% of His Wealth.” Fortune, October 25, 2023. https://fortune.com/2023/10/25/china-evergrande-founder-net-worth-share-price-billionaire/.

Tehran Times. “Bank Saderat Iran IPO Today.” Tehran Times, June 10, 2009. https://www.tehrantimes.com/news/196299/Bank-Saderat-Iran-IPO-today.

———. “Iran to Privatize 186 State-Run Companies: Official.” Tehran Times, May 11, 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140528055805/http://www.tehrantimes.com/economy-and-business/115671-iran-to-privatize-186-state-run-companies-official. http://www.tehrantimes.com/economy-and-business/115671-iran-to-privatize-186-state-run-companies-official.

———. “NDF to Inject over $595m into the Stock Market by Late March.” Tehran Times, January 9, 2021. https://www.tehrantimes.com/news/456781/NDF-to-inject-over-595m-into-the-stock-market-by-late-March.

TeleSUR English. “Brazil: Lula Proposes to Create a Latin American Currency.” TeleSUR English, May 2, 2022. https://www.telesurenglish.net/news/Brazil-Lula-Proposes-to-Create-a-Latin-American-Currency-20220502-0011.html.

Thanabouasy, Phayboune. “UXO Kills Three, Injures Two During Clearance Operation in Southern Laos.” The Laotian Times, December 6, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211206025642/https://laotiantimes.com/2021/12/06/uxo-kills-three-injures-two-during-clearance-operation-in-southern-laos/.

Tharappel, Jay. “Why China’s Capital Exports Can Weaken Imperialism.” World Review of Political Economy 12, no. 1 (April 1, 2021): 27–49. https://doi.org/10.13169/worlrevipoliecon.12.1.0027.

The Associated Press. “A Stunning 48 Hours of News.” The Associated Press, September 11, 2001. https://web.archive.org/web/20120123074705/http://www.ap.org/log/APNewsAlertsandFlashes.pdf.

The Cold War International History Project. “NEW EVIDENCE ON NORTH KOREAN WAR LOSSES.” Historical. Washington, D.C.: Wilson Center, August 1, 2001. https://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/new-evidence-north-korean-war-losses.

The Coup. “Repo Man.” Track 12 on Genocide & Juice. Wild Pitch Records, 1994.

The Economic Times. “Narendra Modi Praises Islam for Its Message of Peace, Harmony.” The Economic Times, March 17, 2016. https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/narendra-modi-praises-islam-for-its-message-of-peace-harmony/articleshow/51447660.cms.

———. “US Revives Two Infra Projects in Asia to Counter China’s OBOR.” The Economic Times, May 24, 2017, English Edition. https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/infrastructure/us-revives-two-infra-projects-in-asia-to-counter-chinas-obor/articleshow/58821306.cms.

The Economist. “At 54, China’s Average Retirement Age Is Too Low.” The Economist, June 24, 2021. https://www.economist.com/china/2021/06/22/chinas-average-retirement-age-is-ridiculously-low-54.

———. “China Does Not Always Collect Its Debts on Time.” The Economist, February 12, 2022. https://www.economist.com/finance-and-economics/2022/02/12/china-does-not-always-collect-its-debts-on-time.

———. “Chinese Actions in Xinjiang Become a Matter of International Dispute.” The Economist, July 27, 2019. https://www.economist.com/china/2019/07/27/chinese-actions-in-xinjiang-become-a-matter-of-international-dispute.

———. “Europe Faces an Enduring Crisis of Energy and Geopolitics.” The Economist, November 24, 2022. https://www.economist.com/leaders/2022/11/24/europe-faces-an-enduring-crisis-of-energy-and-geopolitics.

———. “Homelessness Has Become a Problem in China’s Cities.” The Economist, November 14, 2019. https://www.economist.com/china/2019/11/14/homelessness-has-become-a-problem-in-chinas-cities.

———. “The Rich Cousin.” The Economist, January 31, 2013. https://www.economist.com/special-report/2013/01/31/the-rich-cousin.

The Economist Intelligence Unit. “Worldwide Cost of Living 2019.” The Economist Group, 2019. https://www.eiu.com/public/topical_report.aspx?campaignid=WCOL2019.

The Islamic Republic of Iran. “Principle 44 of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran.” Iran Social Science Data Portal, July 1, 2006. https://irandataportal.syr.edu/the-general-policies-pertaining-to-principle-44-of-the-constitution-of-the-islamic-republic-of-iran.

———. “The Constitution of The Islamic Republic of Iran.” Iran Social Science Data Portal, 1979. https://irandataportal.syr.edu/wp-content/uploads/constitution-english-1368.pdf.

The Korea Herald. “Hatoyama Unlikely to Meet Obama to Resolve Dispute.” The Korea Herald, March 30, 2010. https://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20091211000034.

The New York Times. “ALLIES NOW MAY RECOGNIZE LENINE; Attitude of Powers Modified as Result of Peace Conference Failure. WILL MAKE POLICY CLEAR New British Ambassador ‘in Marked Sympathy with Revolutionary Russia’s Ideas.’ ALLIES NOW MAY RECOGNIZE LENINE.” January 4, 1918. https://www.nytimes.com/1918/01/04/archives/allies-now-may-recognize-lenine-attitude-of-powers-modified-as.html.

The New York Times. “BELIEVE RUSSIAN CRISIS TEMPORARY; Washington and Embassy Officials Expect BolshevikiRule to Be Short.WON’T STOP ALL PAYMENTSBut Will Be Cautious About Aiding Radicals--Cabinet Discusses Ally’s Troubles. Caution as to Payments. Army’s Attitude Is Crucial. BELIEVE RUSSIAN CRISIS TEMPORARY Possibilities in a Civil War. Will Continue Aid to Civilians. FEARS SCHEME FOR MONARCHY Russky Golos Says Giants Are Needed to Save the Nation. MEYER LONDON BLAMES ALLIES Says Russia Needed More Help-- Expects Bolsheviki Fall. PEACE PROGRAM DIFFICULT. Too Big for Bolsheviki to Handle. Says English Observer.” November 10, 1917. https://www.nytimes.com/1917/11/10/archives/believe-russian-crisis-temporary-washington-and-embassy-officials.html.

The New York Times. “BOLSHEVIKI AIDED AT THE OUTSET BY GERMAN GOLD; Alleged German Offical Documents Published by ParisPaper Reveal Plot.BIG SUMS PAID TO LENINEImperial Bank Agents in Switzerland Instructed to HonorAll Demands.PEACE TERMS TO RUMANIACentral Powers Ready to OfferCompensation for Dobrudjaat Russia’s Expense.” February 9, 1918. https://www.nytimes.com/1918/02/09/archives/bolsheviki-aided-at-the-outset-by-german-gold-alleged-german.html.

The New York Times. “CLEVER PROPAGANDA BROKE DOWN RUSSIA; Germans Circulated a Newspaper in the Prison Campsand Russian Trenches.AIMED TO STIR DISCONTENTConcocted Letters Spread Suspicionof the Allies and PicturedGermans as Friends. Roused Suspicion of Kerensky. Pictures to Cause Discontent. Letters That Urge Break With Allies.” March 10, 1918. https://www.nytimes.com/1918/03/10/archives/clever-propaganda-broke-down-russia-germans-circulated-a-newspaper.html.

The New York Times. “GERMANS RUNNING RUSSIA?; THEODORE MARBURG.” January 19, 1918. https://www.nytimes.com/1918/01/19/archives/germans-running-russia-theodore-marburg.html.

The New York Times. “HOPE STRONG MAN WILL RULE RUSSIA; Zemstvos’ Agent Here and Herman Bernstein Agree ThatKerensky Must Go.GREAT REACTION EXPECTEDSalchnovsky Thinks Revolt MayLead to ConstitutionalMonarchy. HOPE STRONG MAN WILL RULE RUSSIA.” November 9, 1917. https://www.nytimes.com/1917/11/09/archives/hope-strong-man-will-rule-russia-zemstvos-agent-here-and-herman.html.

The New York Times. “KEEP RUSSIA IN TURMOIL.; German Agents Busy Among Working Classes and Peasants.” November 23, 1917. https://www.nytimes.com/1917/11/23/archives/keep-russia-in-turmoil-german-agents-busy-among-working-classes-and.html.

The New York Times. “Lenine Anti-American as Well as Pro-German; Most of the Bolsheviki Leader’s Strength Is in Petrograd, According to War Photographer Who Has Just Returned from Russia.” November 18, 1917. https://www.nytimes.com/1917/11/18/archives/lenine-antiamerican-as-well-as-progerman-most-of-the-bolsheviki.html.

The New York Times. “RUSSIA’S ‘FREEDOM’ MADE IN GERMANY; Revolution Prepared by Berlin Long Before the War, Dr. Vesnitch, Serb Envoy, Says. REVEALS HISTORIC EPISODE Berchtold, in July, 1914. Told Russian Ambassador That Mobilization Would Be Signal for Rising.” January 1, 1918. https://www.nytimes.com/1918/01/01/archives/russias-freedom-made-in-germany-revolution-prepared-by-berlin-long.html.

The New York Times. “RUSSIA’S STRONG MAN.; From One Who Believes He Will Soon Appear.” November 30, 1917. https://www.nytimes.com/1917/11/30/archives/russias-strong-man-from-one-who-believes-he-will-soon-appear.html.

The New York Times. “The Times in Print For April 27, 2022.” The New York Times, April 27, 2022. https://www.nytimes.com/issue/todayspaper/2022/04/27/todays-new-york-times.

The New York Times. “WASHINGTON HOPEFUL OF RUSSIA’S FIGHTING; Separate Peace Not Expected--Financial Help From Allies to Continue--Radicals Not Regarded as Permanently in Control--Kerensky’s Weakness Deplored.” November 11, 1917. https://www.nytimes.com/1917/11/11/archives/washington-hopeful-of-russias-fighting-separate-peace-not.html.

The New York Times. “WASHINGTON WATCHES EVENTS IN RUSSIA; Bolsheviki May Gain Recognition If They Decide to Remain in the War. LITVINOFF NOT RECOGNIZED. Nothing Known Officially in London About Bolshevist Ambassador. DEMANDS BY LITHUANIANS. Want Independent State to Include Territory in East Prussia.” January 5, 1918. https://www.nytimes.com/1918/01/05/archives/washington-watches-events-in-russia-bolsheviki-may-gain-recognition.html.

The Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine. Strategy for the Liberation of Palestine, 1969. http://pflp-documents.org/documents/PFLP_StrategyforLiberationofPalestine1969.pdf.

The Russian Public Opinion Research Center (VCIOM). “ARE THERE OLIGARCHS IN RUSSIA? WHO ARE THEY?” The Russian Public Opinion Research Center (VCIOM), April 12, 2018. https://new.wciom.com/press-release/are-there-oligarchs-in-russia-who-are-they.

The Standard. “Chan Tong-Kai Has Left Police’s Safe House: Sources.” The Standard, October 13, 2021. https://www.thestandard.com.hk/breaking-news/section/4/181495/Chan-Tong-kai-has-left-police's-safe-house:-sources.

The State Council of the People’s Republic of China. “China Accounts for 30% of Global Manufacturing Output in 2021.” The State Council Information Office of the People’s Republic of China, June 15, 2022. http://english.scio.gov.cn/pressroom/2022-06/15/content_78271432.htm.

———. “The Fight Against Terrorism and Extremism and Human Rights Protection in Xinjiang.” White Paper. The State Council of the People’s Republic of China, March 18, 2019. http://english.www.gov.cn/archive/white_paper/2019/03/18/content_281476567813306.htm.

The Tax Foundation. “Historical U.S. Federal Individual Income Tax Rates & Brackets, 1862-2021.” The Tax Foundation, August 24, 2021. https://taxfoundation.org/historical-income-tax-rates-brackets/.

———. “Taxes in Hungary.” The Tax Foundation, 2022. https://taxfoundation.org/country/hungary.

The Wall Street Journal. “China Joins Furor Over Fox News Host’s ‘Chinaman’ Comments.” The Wall Street Journal, July 15, 2014. https://www.wsj.com/articles/BL-CJB-23147.

The Washington Post. “CHINA ADMITS COMBAT IN VIETNAM WAR.” The Washington Post, May 16, 1989e. https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1989/05/17/china-admits-combat-in-vietnam-war/6b9cb8a4-4d18-48bf-80d2-bea80f64057c/.

“There’s No Word for Love in North Korea” | Yeonmi Park | Google Zeitgeist, 2016. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gqvwc0E2IQ4.

Thirteenth National People’s Congress of the People’s Republic of China. “Amendment to the Constitution of the People’s Republic of China.” National People’s Congress of the People’s Republic of China, November 21, 2019. http://www.npc.gov.cn/englishnpc/constitution2019/201911/36a2566d029c4b39966bd942f82a4305.shtml.

Thomas, Cooper. “Bombing Missions of the Vietnam War: A Visual Record of the Largest Aerial Bombardment in History.” StoryMaps, 2017. https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/2eae918ca40a4bd7a55390bba4735cdb.

TIME. “Beijing Fumbles for a Response to Terrorism.” Fortune, November 26, 2015. https://fortune.com/2015/11/26/beijing-fumbles-for-a-response-to-terrorism/.

To Sell a War. Documentary film. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, 1992. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yaR1YBR5g6U.

Tooze, Adam. “Did Xi Just Save the World?” Foreign Policy, September 25, 2020. https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/09/25/xi-china-climate-change-saved-the-world.

Torregrosa-Hetland, Sara, and Oriol Sabaté. “Income Tax Progressivity and Inflation during the World Wars.” European Review of Economic History 26, no. 3 (July 23, 2022): 311–39. https://doi.org/10.1093/ereh/heab020.

Toshkov, Veselin. “Bulgaria Suffers Bread Shortage.” AP News, May 15, 1996. https://apnews.com/article/78977ed5d95587beb19885130625cce4.

Toussaint, Éric. “The Mexican Debt Crisis and the World Bank.” Committee for the Abolition of Illegitimate Debt, August 4, 2020. https://www.cadtm.org/The-Mexican-debt-crisis-and-the-World-Bank.

———. “The World Bank Did Not Foresee the Arab Spring Popular Uprisings and Still Promotes the Very Same Policies That Triggered Them.” Committee for the Abolition of Illegitimate Debt, April 12, 2021. https://www.cadtm.org/The-World-Bank-did-not-Foresee-the-Arab-Spring-Popular-Uprisings-and-still.

———. Your Money or Your Life! The Tyranny of Global Finance. First. London: Pluto Press, 1999.

Tracy, Marc. “China Announces That It Will Expel American Journalists.” The New York Times, March 17, 2020. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/17/business/media/china-expels-american-journalists.html.

Tripathi, Rahul. “‘Tibetan Refugees down from 1.5 Lakh to 85,000 in 7 Years.’” The Indian Express, September 11, 2018. https://indianexpress.com/article/india/tibetan-refugees-down-from-1-5-lakh-to-85000-in-7-years-5349587/.

Trump, Donald J. “The President’s Executive Order on Hong Kong Normalization.” The White House, July 14, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200715023638/https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/presidents-executive-order-hong-kong-normalization/.

“Trump Unveils Ambitious Missile Defense Plans.” All Things Considered. National Public Radio, January 17, 2019. https://www.npr.org/2019/01/17/686169529/trump-unveils-ambitious-missile-defense-plans.

Tucker, Jasmine. “Native American Women Need Action That Closes the Wage Gap.” National Women’s Law Center, September 2021. https://nwlc.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Native-Women-Equal-Pay-2021.pdf.

Turse, Nick and Alice Speri. “HOW THE PENTAGON USES A SECRETIVE PROGRAM TO WAGE PROXY WARS.” The Intercept, July 1, 2022. https://theintercept.com/2022/07/01/pentagon-127e-proxy-wars/.

Tyler, Patrick E. “U.S. STRATEGY PLAN CALLS FOR INSURING NO RIVALS DEVELOP.” The New York Times, March 8, 1992. https://www.nytimes.com/1992/03/08/world/us-strategy-plan-calls-for-insuring-no-rivals-develop.html.

United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. “World Investment Report 2008.” New York: United Nations Publications, July 2008. https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/wir2008_en.pdf.

———. “World Investment Report 2022.” New York: United Nations Publications, June 9, 2022. https://unctad.org/webflyer/world-investment-report-2022.

United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Statistics Division. “International Trade Statistics Yearbook, 2009. Volume I, Trade by Country.” International Trade Statistics Yearbook. New York: United Nations Publications, 2010. https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/703461.

———. “International Trade Statistics Yearbook, 2016. Volume I, Trade by Country.” International Trade Statistics Yearbook. New York: United Nations Publications, 2017. https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/3902145.

United Nations Human Rights Council. Report of the Independent International Fact-Finding Mission on Myanmar. UNHRC 39th Session, UN Doc A/HRC/39/64 (September 12, 2018). https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/FFM-Myanmar/A_HRC_39_64.pdf.

United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. OHCHR Assessment of Human Rights Concerns in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, People’s Republic of China. United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, August 31, 2022. https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/documents/countries/2022-08-31/22-08-31-final-assesment.pdf.

ur-Rehman, Zia. “Rising Violence by Separatists Adds to Pakistan’s Lethal Instability.” The New York Times, May 4, 2022. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/04/world/asia/pakistan-baluchistan-violence.html.

U.S. Census Bureau. “1920 Census: Children in Gainful Occupations.” Employment. United States Census Bureau, 1924. https://www.census.gov/library/publications/1924/dec/children.html.

———. “Navajo Nation Data.” Census. United States Census Bureau, 2000. https://www.navajobusiness.com/pdf/NNCensus/Census2000.pdf.

U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. “Data Retrieval: Labor Force Statistics (CPS).” Government. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2023 2013. https://www.bls.gov/webapps/legacy/cpsatab1.htm#a1.xlsx.f.1.

U.S. Department of Defense. “Excerpts From Pentagon’s Plan: ‘Prevent the Re-Emergence of a New Rival.’” The New York Times, March 8, 1992. https://www.nytimes.com/1992/03/08/world/excerpts-from-pentagon-s-plan-prevent-the-re-emergence-of-a-new-rival.html.

———. “Philippines, U.S. Announce Locations of Four New EDCA Sites.” Press release. U.S. Department of Defense, April 3, 2023. https://www.defense.gov/News/Releases/Release/Article/3349257/philippines-us-announce-locations-of-four-new-edca-sites/.

U.S. Department of State. “Memorandum From the Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs (Mallory) to the Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs (Rubottom).” Office of the Historian, April 6, 1960. 737.00/4–660. Central Files. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1958-60v06/d499.

———. “The Global War on Terrorism: The First 100 Days.” Archive. U.S. Department of State, November 19, 2001. https://2001-2009.state.gov/s/ct/rls/wh/6947.htm.

U.S. Department of the Interior. “Biden Administration Announces Nearly $725 Million to Create Good-Paying Union Jobs, Catalyze Economic Revitalization in Coal Communities.” Press release. US Department of the Interior, February 7, 2022. https://www.doi.gov/pressreleases/biden-administration-announces-nearly-725-million-create-good-paying-union-jobs.

Valdés, Nelson P. “Health and Revolution in Cuba.” Science & Society 35, no. 3 (Fall 1971): 311–35.

Varas, Antonio, Raj Varadarajan, Ramiro Palma, Jimmy Goodrich, and Falan Yinug. “Strengthening the Global Semiconductor Supply Chain in an Uncertain Era.” Technology Consulting. Boston Consulting Group (blog), April 1, 2021. https://www.bcg.com/publications/2021/strengthening-the-global-semiconductor-supply-chain.

Vats, Rohit. “Half a Million or 1 Million? While Media Peddles Fantastical Claims, Here Are the Actual Number of Troops Deployed in Jammu and Kashmir.” OpIndia, August 28, 2019. https://www.opindia.com/2019/08/half-a-million-or-1-million-while-media-peddles-fantastical-claims-here-are-the-actual-number-of-troops-deployed-in-jammu-and-kashmir/.

Vaughan, Adam. “Nigerian Oil Pollution Claims against Shell Cannot Be Heard in UK, Court Rules.” The Guardian, January 26, 2017. https://www.theguardian.com/business/2017/jan/26/nigerian-oil-pollution-shell-uk-corporations.

Vergara, Eva and Daniel Politi. “Chile’s Boric Attempts Relaunch as Honeymoon Ends Abruptly.” AP News, May 9, 2022. https://apnews.com/article/travel-business-caribbean-south-america-chile-dd0744ece05dc7cd97daf6eb88945e5f.

Vetter, David. “China Built More Offshore Wind In 2021 Than Every Other Country Built In 5 Years.” Forbes, January 26, 2022. https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidrvetter/2022/01/26/china-built-more-offshore-wind-in-2021-than-every-other-country-built-in-5-years.

Victoria Nuland’s Admits Washington Has Spent $5 Billion to “Subvert Ukraine.” Washington, D.C., 2014. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U2fYcHLouXY&t=450s.

Vicziany, Marika. “State Responses to Islamic Terrorism in Western China and Their Impact on South Asia.” Contemporary South Asia 12, no. 2 (June 1, 2003): 243–62. https://doi.org/10.1080/095849302000147690.

Vidal, John. “Shell Announces £55m Payout for Nigeria Oil Spills.” The Guardian, January 6, 2015. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/jan/07/shell-announces-55m-payout-for-nigeria-oil-spills.

Vila, Alixandra. “Philippines Plastic Pollution: Why so Much Waste Ends up in Oceans.” South China Morning Post, October 18, 2018. https://www.scmp.com/lifestyle/health/article/2168819/philippines-plastic-pollution-why-so-much-waste-ends-oceans.

Villegas, Alexander and Ernest Scheyder. “Chile Plans to Nationalize Its Vast Lithium Industry.” Reuters, April 21, 2022. https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/chiles-boric-announces-plan-nationalize-lithium-industry-2023-04-21/.

Vine, David. “Lists of U.S. Military Bases Abroad, 1776-2021.” Washington, D.C.: American University Library, July 4, 2021. https://doi.org/10.17606/7em4-hb13.

Vine, David, Cala Coffman, Katalina Khoury, Madison Lovasz, Helen Bush, Rachael Leduc, and Jennifer Walkup. “Creating Refugees: Displacement Caused by the United States’ Post-9/11 Wars.” Costs of War. Watson Institute of International and Public Affairs at Brown University, August 19, 2021. https://watson.brown.edu/costsofwar/files/cow/imce/papers/2021/Costs%20of%20War_Vine%20et%20al_Displacement%20Update%20August%202021.pdf.

Vinogradoff, Ludmila. “La ‘revolución cultural’ de Hugo Chávez escandaliza a los intelectuales venezolanos (Hugo Chávez’s ‘cultural revolution’ scandalizes Venezuelan intellectuals).” El Pais, January 29, 2001. https://elpais.com/diario/2001/01/29/cultura/980722805_850215.html.

Voice of America. “Beijing: Tibetan Population Actually over 7 Million.” Voice of America Tibetan - English, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210303061405/https://www.voatibetan.com/a/1940971.html.

———. “Tibetan Exiles Discuss Future of Tibet.” Voice of America, November 1, 2009. https://www.voanews.com/a/a-13-2008-11-17-voa28/339119.html.

Vulliamy, Ed. “Venezuela Coup Linked to Bush Team.” The Guardian, April 21, 2002. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/apr/21/usa.venezuela.

Waddell, Benjamin. “Laying the Groundwork for Insurrection: A Closer Look at the U.S. Role in Nicaragua’s Social Unrest.” Global Americans, May 1, 2018. https://theglobalamericans.org/2018/05/laying-groundwork-insurrection-closer-look-u-s-role-nicaraguas-social-unrest/.

Wakabayashi, Daisuke and Claire Fu. “For China’s Auto Market, Electric Isn’t the Future. It’s the Present.” The New York Times, September 26, 2022. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/26/business/china-electric-vehicles.html.

Walker, Shaun. “Russia Trades Azov Fighters for Putin Ally in Biggest Prisoner Swap of Ukraine War.” The Guardian, September 22, 2022. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/sep/22/ukrainian-putin-ally-viktor-medvedchuk-exchanged-for-200-azov-battalion-fighters-zelenskiy-says.

Wallerstein, Immanuel. Historical Capitalism. New York and London: Verso, 2011.

———. The Capitalist World-Economy: Essays by Immanuel Wallerstein. 1st ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979.

———. The Modern World-System, Volume I: Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the European World-Economy in the Sixteenth Century. New York: Academic Press, Inc., 1974.

Walsh, David, Ruth Dundas, Gerry McCartney, Marcia Gibson, and Rosie Seaman. “Bearing the Burden of Austerity: How Do Changing Mortality Rates in the UK Compare between Men and Women?” Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 76, no. 12 (December 1, 2022): 1027. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech-2022-219645.

Wang Huning. America Against America. Internet Archive, 1991. https://archive.org/details/america-against-america.

Wang, Jennifer. “The 10 Richest Chinese Billionaires In 2021.” Forbes, April 6, 2021. https://www.forbes.com/sites/jenniferwang/2021/04/06/the-10-richest-chinese-billionaires-in-2021/.

Wang, Mei (Lisa), Zhen Qi, and Jijing Zhang. “China Becomes a Capital Exporter: Trends and Issues.” China’s Domestic Transformation in a Global Context, 2015, 315–38.

Wang Yi. “China and Africa: Strengthening Friendship, Solidarity and Cooperation for a New Era of Common Development.” Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, August 18, 2022. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/zxxx_662805/202208/t20220819_10745617.html.

War on Want. “The New Colonialism: Britain’s Scramble for Africa’s Energy and Mineral Resources.” London: War on Want, July 2016. https://www.waronwant.org/sites/default/files/TheNewColonialism.pdf.

Watts, Jonathan. “Old Suspicions Magnified Mistrust into Ethnic Riots in Urumqi.” The Guardian, July 10, 2009. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/jul/10/china-riots-uighurs-han-urumqi.

Weber, Isabella M. How China Escaped Shock Therapy: The Market Reform Debate. New York: Routledge, 2021.

Wee, Sui-Lee. “U.S. to Boost Military Role in the Philippines in Push to Counter China.” The New York Times, February 3, 2023. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/02/01/world/asia/philippines-united-states-military-bases.html.

Weerakoon, Dushni and Sisira Jayasuriya. “Sri Lanka’s Debt Problem Isn’t Made in China.” East Asia Forum, February 28, 2019. https://www.eastasiaforum.org/2019/02/28/sri-lankas-debt-problem-isnt-made-in-china/.

Wei, Lingling. “Beijing Reins In China’s Central Bank.” The Wall Street Journal, December 8, 2021. https://www.wsj.com/articles/beijing-reins-in-chinas-central-bank-11638981078.

———. “China’s Xi Ramps Up Control of Private Sector. ‘We Have No Choice but to Follow the Party.’” The Wall Street Journal, December 10, 2020. https://www.wsj.com/articles/china-xi-clampdown-private-sector-communist-party-11607612531.

Weiner, Tim. “C.I.A. Spent Millions to Support Japanese Right in 50’s and 60’s.” The New York Times, October 9, 1994. https://www.nytimes.com/1994/10/09/world/cia-spent-millions-to-support-japanese-right-in-50-s-and-60-s.html.

Weisbrot, Mark and Jeffrey Sachs. Economic Sanctions as Collective Punishment: The Case of Venezuela. Washington, D.C.: Center for Economic and Policy Research, April 2019. https://cepr.net/images/stories/reports/venezuela-sanctions-2019-04.pdf.

Werner, Richard. Princes of the Yen: Japan’s Central Bankers and the Transformation of the Economy. New York: Routledge, 2015.

Westcott, Ben. “Outspoken Chinese Billionaire Sun Dawu Sentenced to 18 Years in Prison.” CNN, July 29, 2021. https://www.cnn.com/2021/07/29/business/sun-dawu-prison-sentence-china-intl-hnk/index.html.

Wheeldon, Tom. “‘A Seismic Event’: Le Pen’s Party Makes Historic Breakthrough in French Parliament.” France 24, June 20, 2022. https://www.france24.com/en/france/20220619-a-seismic-event-le-pen-s-party-makes-historic-breakthrough-in-french-parliament.

White, Stephen. “The Russian Presidential Election, March 2000.” Electoral Studies 20, no. 3 (September 2001): 484–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0261-3794(00)00053-6.

Whitelaw, Kevin. “US Asks Europe to Consider Export Controls on China.” Bloomberg, October 30, 2022. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/newsletters/2022-10-31/us-asks-europe-to-consider-export-controls-on-china.

Whitlock, Craig. “U.S. Secretly Backed Syrian Opposition Groups, Cables Released by WikiLeaks Show.” The Washington Post, April 17, 2011. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/us-secretly-backed-syrian-opposition-groups-cables-released-by-wikileaks-show/2011/04/14/AF1p9hwD_story.html.

Whitney, Rich. “US Provides Military Assistance to 73 Percent of World’s Dictatorships.” Truthout, September 23, 2017. https://truthout.org/articles/us-provides-military-assistance-to-73-percent-of-world-s-dictatorships/.

Williams, Carol J. “Taste for Capitalism Slips in Nation Once Fed on ‘Goulash Communism’ : Hungary: Formerly at the Forefront of Eastern Europe’s Transition to Free Market, It Has Failed to Exploit Advantages.” Los Angeles Times, January 29, 1994. https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1994-01-29-mn-16604-story.html.

Wilpert, Gregory. “Venezuela’s New Constitution.” Venezuelanalysis.Com, August 27, 2003. https://venezuelanalysis.com/analysis/70.

Wolf, Martin. “The Market Can Deliver the Green Transition — Just Not Fast Enough.” Financial Times, November 22, 2022. https://www.ft.com/content/33ca0d1b-6173-4ce1-a072-a8d3c0b492be.

Wong, Edward and Chris Buckley. “U.S. Says China’s Repression of Uighurs Is ‘Genocide.’” The New York Times, January 19, 2021. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/19/us/politics/trump-china-xinjiang.html.

Wong, Jacky. “China’s Green Revolution Is Quietly Succeeding.” The Wall Street Journal, June 2, 2023. https://www.wsj.com/articles/chinas-green-revolution-is-quietly-succeeding-b1b12e95.

Wood, Colleen. “Rising Soviet Nostalgia in Central Asia: Kyrgyzstan’s Young Pioneers.” The Diplomat, June 1, 2022. https://thediplomat.com/2022/06/rising-soviet-nostalgia-in-central-asia-kyrgyzstans-young-pioneers/.

Wood, Tony. Russia Without Putin: Money, Power and the Myths of the New Cold War. Brooklyn, New York: Verso, 2018.

Woods, Alan. “Foxes and Grapes: Sectarian Stupidity and the Venezuelan Revolution.” In Defence of Marxism (blog), July 19, 2005. https://www.marxist.com/sectarianism-venezuelan-revolution230704.htm.

World Bank. “China’s Transition to a Low-Carbon Economy and Climate Resilience Needs Shifts in Resources and Technologies.” Press release. Beijing: The World Bank Group, October 12, 2022. https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2022/10/12/china-s-transition-to-a-low-carbon-economy-and-climate-resilience-needs-shifts-in-resources-and-technologies.

———. “CO2 Emissions (Kt) - China.” EN.ATM.CO2E.KT. Climate Watch. 2020. GHG Emissions. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute. The World Bank Group, 2019. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EN.ATM.CO2E.KT?locations=CN.

———. “CO2 Emissions (Metric Tons per Capita) - China, Russian Federation, United States, Japan, Korea, Rep.” EN.ATM.CO2E.PC. Climate Watch. 2020. GHG Emissions. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute. The World Bank Group, 2019. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EN.ATM.CO2E.PC?locations=CN-RU-US-JP-KR.

———. “Consumer Price Index (2010 = 100) - China.” FP.CPI.TOTL. International Monetary Fund, International Financial Statistics and Data Files. The World Bank Group, 2020 2000. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/FP.CPI.TOTL?end=2020&locations=CN&start=2000.

———. “Consumer Price Index (2010 = 100) - Mongolia.” FP.CPI.TOTL. International Monetary Fund, International Financial Statistics and Data Files. The World Bank Group, 2020 2000. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/FP.CPI.TOTL?end=2020&locations=MN&start=2000.

———. “Consumer Price Index (2010 = 100) - United States.” FP.CPI.TOTL. International Monetary Fund, International Financial Statistics and Data Files. The World Bank Group, 2020 2000. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/FP.CPI.TOTL?end=2020&locations=US&start=2000.

———. “Debt Service on External Debt, Total (TDS, Current US$) - Low & Middle Income.” DT.TDS.DECT.CD. International Debt Statistics. The World Bank Group, 2020. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/DT.TDS.DECT.CD?locations=XO.

———. “Employment in Industry (% of Total Employment) (Modeled ILO Estimate) - Hong Kong SAR, China.” SL.IND.EMPL.ZS. International Labour Organization, ILOSTAT Database. Data as of January 2021. The World Bank Group, 2021. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.IND.EMPL.ZS?locations=HK.

———. “Foreign Direct Investment, Net Outflows (BoP, Current US$) - Japan.” BM.KLT.DINV.CD.WD. International Monetary Fund, Balance of Payments Database, Supplemented by Data from the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development and Official National Sources. The World Bank Group, 1990 1980. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/BM.KLT.DINV.CD.WD?end=1990&locations=JP&start=1980.

———. “GDP (Current US$) - Russian Federation.” NY.GDP.MKTP.CD. World Bank National Accounts Data, and OECD National Accounts Data Files. The World Bank Group, 2021. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?locations=RU.

———. “GDP (Current US$) - Russian Federation, Libya, Venezuela, RB, Iran, Islamic Rep., China.” NY.GDP.MKTP.CD. World Bank National Accounts Data, and OECD National Accounts Data Files. The World Bank Group, 2021. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?locations=RU-LY-VE-IR-CN.

———. “GDP (Current US$) - World, United States.” NY.GDP.MKTP.CD. World Bank National Accounts Data, and OECD National Accounts Data Files. The World Bank Group, 2021. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?locations=1W-US.

———. “GDP Growth (Annual %) - Japan.” NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG. World Bank National Accounts Data, and OECD National Accounts Data Files. The World Bank Group, 2021 1996. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG?end=2021&locations=JP&start=1996.

———. “GDP per Capita (Current US$) - Iran, Islamic Rep.” NY.GDP.PCAP.CD. World Bank National Accounts Data, and OECD National Accounts Data Files. The World Bank Group, 2020. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD?locations=IR.

———. “Income Share Held by Highest 20% - Iran, Islamic Rep., China.” SI.DST.05TH.20. World Bank, Poverty and Inequality Platform. Data Are Based on Primary Household Survey Data Obtained from Government Statistical Agencies and World Bank Country Departments. Data for High-Income Economies Are Mostly from the Luxembourg Income Study Database. The World Bank Group, 2019 2013. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.DST.05TH.20?end=2019&locations=IR-CN&start=2013.

———. “Income Share Held by Lowest 20% - Iran, Islamic Rep., China.” SI.DST.FRST.20. World Bank, Poverty and Inequality Platform. Data Are Based on Primary Household Survey Data Obtained from Government Statistical Agencies and World Bank Country Departments. Data for High-Income Economies Are Mostly from the Luxembourg Income Study Database. The World Bank Group, 2019 2013. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.DST.FRST.20?end=2019&locations=IR-CN&start=2013.

———. “Life Expectancy at Birth, Total (Years) - China.” SP.DYN.LE00.IN. ( 1 ) United Nations Population Division. World Population Prospects: 2019 Revision, or Derived from Male and Female Life Expectancy at Birth from Sources Such as: ( 2 ) Census Reports and Other Statistical Publications from National Statistical Offices, ( 3 ) Eurostat: Demographic Statistics, ( 4 ) United Nations Statistical Division. Population and Vital Statistics Reprot ( Various Years ), ( 5 ) U.S. Census Bureau: International Database, and ( 6 ) Secretariat of the Pacific Community: Statistics and Demography Programme. The World Bank Group, 2020. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN?locations=CN.

———. “Life Expectancy at Birth, Total (Years) - United States, China.” SP.DYN.LE00.IN. ( 1 ) United Nations Population Division. World Population Prospects: 2022 Revision, or Derived from Male and Female Life Expectancy at Birth from Sources Such as: ( 2 ) Census Reports and Other Statistical Publications from National Statistical Offices, ( 3 ) Eurostat: Demographic Statistics, ( 4 ) United Nations Statistical Division. Population and Vital Statistics Reprot ( Various Years ), ( 5 ) U.S. Census Bureau: International Database, and ( 6 ) Secretariat of the Pacific Community: Statistics and Demography Programme. The World Bank Group, 2021 2000. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN?end=2021&locations=US-CN&start=2000.

———. “Mortality Rate, Infant (per 1,000 Live Births) - China, India.” SP.DYN.IMRT.IN. Estimates Developed by the UN Inter-Agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation ( UNICEF, WHO, World Bank, UN DESA Population Division ). The World Bank Group, 2021 1969. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.IMRT.IN?end=2021&locations=CN-IN&start=1969.

———. “Net Primary Income (Net Income from Abroad) (Current US$) - China, United States, France.” NY.GSR.NFCY.CD. World Bank National Accounts Data, and OECD National Accounts Data Files. The World Bank Group, 2021. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GSR.NFCY.CD?locations=CN-US-FR.

———. “Official Exchange Rate (LCU per US$, Period Average) - China.” PA.NUS.FCRF. International Monetary Fund, International Financial Statistics. The World Bank Group, 2021. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/PA.NUS.FCRF?locations=CN.

———. “People Practicing Open Defecation, Rural (% of Rural Population) - China.” SH.STA.ODFC.RU.ZS. WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme ( JMP ) for Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene. The World Bank Group, 2020. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.STA.ODFC.RU.ZS?locations=CN.

———. “People Using at Least Basic Sanitation Services, Rural (% of Rural Population) - China.” SH.STA.BASS.RU.ZS. WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme ( JMP ) for Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene. The World Bank Group, 2020. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.STA.BASS.RU.ZS?locations=CN.

———. “Personal Remittances, Received (% of GDP) - Hungary, European Union.” BX.TRF.PWKR.DT.GD.ZS. World Bank Staff Estimates Based on IMF Balance of Payments Data, and World Bank and OECD GDP Estimates. The World Bank Group, 2020. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/BX.TRF.PWKR.DT.GD.ZS?locations=HU-EU.

———. “Poverty Headcount Ratio at $2.15 a Day (2017 PPP) (% of Population) - China, World, India.” SI.POV.DDAY. World Bank, Poverty and Inequality Platform. Data Are Based on Primary Household Survey Data Obtained from Government Statistical Agencies and World Bank Country Departments. Data for High-Income Economies Are Mostly from the Luxembourg Income Study Database. The World Bank Group, 2019 1977. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.DDAY?end=2019&locations=CN-1W-IN&start=1977.

———. “Poverty Headcount Ratio at $3.65 a Day (2017 PPP) (% of Population) - China, World, India.” SI.POV.LMIC. World Bank, Poverty and Inequality Platform. Data Are Based on Primary Household Survey Data Obtained from Government Statistical Agencies and World Bank Country Departments. Data for High-Income Economies Are Mostly from the Luxembourg Income Study Database. The World Bank Group, 2019 1977. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.LMIC?end=2019&locations=CN-1W-IN&start=1977.

———. “Poverty Headcount Ratio at $6.85 a Day (2017 PPP) (% of Population) - China, World, India.” SI.POV.UMIC. World Bank, Poverty and Inequality Platform. Data Are Based on Primary Household Survey Data Obtained from Government Statistical Agencies and World Bank Country Departments. Data for High-Income Economies Are Mostly from the Luxembourg Income Study Database. The World Bank Group, 2019 1977. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.UMIC?end=2019&locations=CN-1W-IN&start=1977.

———. “Prevalence of Undernourishment (% of Population) - China, World, India.” SN.ITK.DEFC.ZS. Food and Agriculture Organization. The World Bank Group, 2020. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SN.ITK.DEFC.ZS?locations=CN-1W-IN.

———. “Restoring China’s Tarim River Basin.” Feature Story. The World Bank Group, May 29, 2007. https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2007/05/29/restoring-chinas-tarim-river-basin.

———. “Rural Population (% of Total Population) - China.” SP.RUR.TOTL.ZS. World Bank Staff Estimates Based on the United Nations Population Division’s World Urbanization Prospects: 2018 Revision. The World Bank Group, 2021. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.RUR.TOTL.ZS?locations=CN.

———. “Suicide Mortality Rate (per 100,000 Population) - Russian Federation, China.” SH.STA.SUIC.P5. World Health Organization, Global Health Observatory Data. The World Bank Group, 2019. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.STA.SUIC.P5?locations=RU-CN.

———. “The World Bank In United States.” Financial. The World Bank, December 15, 2021. https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/unitedstates/overview.

———. “The World by Income and Region.” Financial. The World Bank, 2022. https://datatopics.worldbank.org/world-development-indicators/the-world-by-income-and-region.html.

———. “Who We Are.” Bank. The World Bank, November 12, 2022. https://www.worldbank.org/en/who-we-are.

———. “World Bank Commodities Price Data (The Pink Sheet) August 2022.” The World Bank Group, August 2, 2022. https://thedocs.worldbank.org/en/doc/5d903e848db1d1b83e0ec8f744e55570-0350012021/related/CMO-Pink-Sheet-August-2022.pdf.

———. “World Bank Commodities Price Data (The Pink Sheet) December 2014.” The World Bank Group, August 2, 2022. https://thedocs.worldbank.org/en/doc/130691516897702651-0050022018/original/CMOPinkSheetDecember2014.pdf.

———. “World Bank Commodities Price Data (The Pink Sheet) January 2023.” The World Bank Group, January 4, 2023. https://thedocs.worldbank.org/en/doc/5d903e848db1d1b83e0ec8f744e55570-0350012021/related/CMO-Pink-Sheet-January-2023.pdf.

———. “World Bank Commodities Price Data (The Pink Sheet) October 2019.” The World Bank Group, October 2, 2019. https://thedocs.worldbank.org/en/doc/928931570034997598-0050022019/original/CMOPinkSheetOctober2019.pdf.

World Economic Outlook Database. “Report for Selected Countries and Subjects: April 2010 (Brazil, China, Germany, India, Luxembourg, Russia, Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste, United Kingdom, United States).” World Economic and Financial Surveys. International Monetary Fund, 2009. https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2010/April/weo-report?c=223,924,134,534,137,922,537,112,111,&s=NGDPD,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2009&ey=2009&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1.

———. “Report for Selected Countries and Subjects: April 2010 (IMF-Defined Sub-Saharan Africa).” World Economic and Financial Surveys. International Monetary Fund, 2009. https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2010/April/weo-report?c=614,638,616,748,618,622,624,626,628,632,636,634,662,642,643,644,646,648,652,656,654,664,666,668,674,676,678,684,688,728,692,694,714,716,722,718,724,199,734,738,742,746,754,698,&s=NGDPD,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2009&ey=2009&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1.

———. “Report for Selected Countries and Subjects: April 2010 (UN-Defined Sub-Saharan Africa).” World Economic and Financial Surveys. International Monetary Fund, 2009. https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2010/April/weo-report?c=614,638,616,748,618,622,624,626,628,632,636,634,662,611,642,644,646,648,652,656,654,664,666,668,674,676,678,682,684,688,728,692,694,714,716,722,718,724,199,732,734,738,742,746,754,698,&s=NGDPD,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2009&ey=2009&ssm=0&scsm=0&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1.

———. “Report for Selected Countries and Subjects: April 2017 (Brazil, China, Germany, India, Luxembourg, Russia, Timor-Leste, United Kingdom, United States).” World Economic and Financial Surveys. International Monetary Fund, 2016. https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2017/April/weo-report?c=223,924,134,534,137,922,537,112,111,&s=NGDPD,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2016&ey=2016&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1.

———. “Report for Selected Countries and Subjects: April 2017 (IMF-Defined Sub-Saharan Africa).” World Economic and Financial Surveys. International Monetary Fund, 2016. https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2017/April/weo-report?c=614,638,616,748,618,624,622,626,628,632,636,634,662,642,643,644,646,648,652,656,654,664,666,668,674,676,678,684,688,728,692,694,714,716,722,718,724,199,733,734,738,742,746,754,698,&s=NGDPD,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2016&ey=2016&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1.

———. “Report for Selected Countries and Subjects: April 2017 (UN-Defined Sub-Saharan Africa).” World Economic and Financial Surveys. International Monetary Fund, 2016. https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2017/April/weo-report?c=614,638,616,748,618,624,622,626,628,632,636,634,662,611,642,644,646,648,652,656,654,664,666,668,674,676,678,682,684,688,728,692,694,714,716,722,718,724,199,732,734,738,742,746,754,698,&s=NGDPD,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2016&ey=2016&ssm=0&scsm=0&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1.

World Gold Council. “Global Mine Production.” Commodities. GoldHub, June 9, 2022. https://www.gold.org/goldhub/data/gold-production-by-country.

World Integrated Trade Solution. “Congo, Dem. Rep. Metals Exports By Country and Region in US$ Thousand 2015-2020.” The World Bank Group, 2020 2015. https://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/en/Country/ZAR/StartYear/2015/EndYear/2020/TradeFlow/Export/Indicator/XPRT-TRD-VL/Partner/ALL/Product/72-83_Metals.

———. “Sub-Saharan Africa Export Partner Share in Percentage All Countries and Regions between 2009 and 2020.” The World Bank Group, 2020 2009. https://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/en/Country/SSF/StartYear/2009/EndYear/2020/TradeFlow/Export/Partner/ALL/Indicator/XPRT-PRTNR-SHR.

World Nuclear News. “China Approves Construction of Six New Reactors.” World Nuclear News, April 21, 2022. https://www.world-nuclear-news.org/Articles/China-approves-construction-of-six-new-reactors.

———. “Core Module Completed for Chinese SMR.” World Nuclear News, July 14, 2023. https://www.world-nuclear-news.org/Articles/Core-module-completed-for-Chinese-SMR.

Wu, Cary. “Did the Pandemic Shake Chinese Citizens’ Trust in Their Government? We Surveyed Nearly 20,000 People to Find Out.” The Washington Post, May 5, 2021. https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2021/05/05/did-pandemic-shake-chinese-citizens-trust-their-government/.

Wu, John. “China Mortgage Boycott Unlikely to Cause Serious Distress to Banking Sector.” S&P Global Market Intelligence, August 23, 2022. https://www.spglobal.com/marketintelligence/en/news-insights/latest-news-headlines/china-mortgage-boycott-unlikely-to-cause-serious-distress-to-banking-sector-71391285.

Wudunn, Sheryl. “Japanese Apology for War Is Welcomed and Criticized.” The New York Times, August 16, 1995. https://www.nytimes.com/1995/08/16/world/japanese-apology-for-war-is-welcomed-and-criticized.html.

Wyllie, Julian. “After PBS Drops Film, PBS SoCal Reviews Documentary Produced in Association with a Chinese State TV Network.” Current, May 27, 2020. https://current.org/2020/05/after-pbs-drops-film-pbs-socal-reviews-documentary-co-produced-by-chinas-state-tv-network/.

Xi Jinping. The Governance of China Volume 1. First edition. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press Co. Ltd, 2014.

———. The Governance of China Volume 2. First edition. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press Co. Ltd, 2017.

Xiao, Eva. “Auditors to Stop Inspecting Factories in China’s Xinjiang Despite Forced-Labor Concerns.” The Wall Street Journal, September 21, 2020. https://www.wsj.com/articles/auditors-say-they-no-longer-will-inspect-labor-conditions-at-xinjiang-factories-11600697706.

Xiao, Eva, Jonathan Cheng, and Liza Lin. “Beijing Accelerates Campaign of Ethnic Assimilation.” The Wall Street Journal, December 31, 2020. https://www.wsj.com/articles/beijing-accelerates-campaign-of-ethnic-assimilation-11609431781.

Xie, Xiang, Yi-Tong Ma, Yi-Ning Yang, Zhen-Yan Fu, Xiang Ma, Ding Huang, Xiao-Mei Li, et al. “Alcohol Consumption and Carotid Atherosclerosis in China: The Cardiovascular Risk Survey.” European Journal of Preventive Cardiology 19, no. 3 (June 1, 2012): 314–21. https://doi.org/10.1177/1741826711404501.

Xinhua. “A Look at How Delegates to Upcoming 20th CPC National Congress Were Elected.” Shine.Cn (Shanghai Daily), September 28, 2022. https://www.shine.cn/news/nation/2209280994/.

———. “China to Connect All Townships, Villages with Paved Roads by End of 2019.” China Daily, December 18, 2019. https://govt.chinadaily.com.cn/s/201912/18/WS5df984ff498e1ed196a6b3e2/china-to-connect-all-townships-villages-with-paved-roads-by-end-of-2019.html.

———. “China’s Xinjiang Orders Businesses to Recruit More Locals.” China Daily, September 24, 2009. https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/ethnic/2009-09/24/content_8732008.htm.

———. “Entrepreneurs’ Presence Grows at CPC Congress.” China Daily, November 12, 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20121113114445/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2012cpc/2012-11/12/content_15919473.htm.

———. “Paved Road Links China’s ‘Last Village’ with Outside World.” Xinhua, July 1, 2020. http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-07/01/c_139180923.htm.

———. “Sino-African Cooperation Eyes More Benefits.” China News Service, December 12, 2022. https://www.ecns.cn/news/2022-12-20/detail-ihchyiqv1417823.shtml.

———. “Wondrous Xinjiang: Access to Potable Water Enhances Quality of Life in Rural Xinjiang.” Xinhua, May 24, 2022. https://english.news.cn/20220524/ec9e9c5448b346ac8700d2ff45322e5f/c.html.

———. “Xi at Davos: Also a Master of Metaphors.” Xinhua, January 17, 2017. http://www.xinhuanet.com//english/2017-01/17/c_135991102.htm.

———. “Xinjiang Invests 10 Bln Yuan on Power Grid Upgrades.” Xinhua, April 9, 2019. http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-04/09/c_137962669.htm.

———. “Xinjiang Reports Progress in Infrastructure Construction.” China Daily, April 1, 2003. http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/chinagate/2003-04/01/content_248499.htm.

———. “国乒男队重温入党誓词 (National Table Tennis Men’s Team Renews Party Oath).” Xinhua Sports, March 29, 2018. http://sports.xinhuanet.com/c/2018-03/29/c_1122612154.htm.

Xinhua Live Record. “二十大报告（实录全文）(Report of the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China).” News. Beijing: 凤凰 (Phoenix), October 16, 2022. https://news.ifeng.com/c/8K9l4qcZtaw.

Xinjiang Statistical Factbook 2019. “7-13 Electricity Balance Sheet in Major Years.” People’s Republic of China, 2019.

———. “12-1 Basic Conditions of Rural Areas in Main Years.” People’s Republic of China, 2019.

Xu, Muyu. “China Solar Power Capacity Could Post Record Growth in 2023.” Reuters, February 15, 2023. https://www.reuters.com/world/china/china-solar-power-capacity-could-post-record-growth-2023-2023-02-16/.

Xu Ruiqing, Liu Jinhui, Sun Qingqing, Feng Dapeng, and Niu Shaojie. “China Launches Massive Rescue Efforts after Henan Rainstorms.” Xinhua, July 21, 2021. http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2021-07/21/c_1310075751.htm.

Xu, Vicky Xiuzhong, Danielle Cave, James Leibold, Kelsey Munro, and Nathan Ruser. “Uyghurs for Sale: ‘Re-Education’, Forced Labour and Surveillance beyond Xinjiang.” Policy Brief. Australian Strategic Policy Institute, March 1, 2020. https://www.aspi.org.au/report/uyghurs-sale.

Yan, Sophia. “China’s Parliament Has about 100 Billionaires, According to Data from the Hurun Report.” CNBC, March 2, 2017. https://www.cnbc.com/2017/03/02/chinas-parliament-has-about-100-billionaires-according-to-data-from-the-hurun-report.html.

Yeung, Jessie, Nectar Gan, and Steve George. “From ‘Air-Pocalypse’ to Blue Skies. Beijing’s Fight for Cleaner Air Is a Rare Victory for Public Dissent.” CNN, August 23, 2021. https://www.cnn.com/2021/08/23/china/china-air-pollution-mic-intl-hnk.

Yoon, John and Orlando Mayorquin. “Venezuela Seeks Arrest of Juan Guaidó, Former Opposition Leader.” The New York Times, October 6, 2023. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/06/world/americas/venezuela-juan-guaido-arrest-warrant.html.

Yu, Bin. “Neo-Imperialism, the Final Stage of Imperialism.” International Critical Thought 10, no. 4 (October 1, 2020): 495–518. https://doi.org/10.1080/21598282.2020.1871800.

Yu Le and Lucy Hornby. “China Sentences Four More to Death for Urumqi Riot.” Reuters, January 26, 2010, UK edition. https://web.archive.org/web/20160305153310/http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-china-xinjiang-idUKTRE60P3HM20100126.

Yu, Miles Maochun. “China’s Final Solution In Xinjiang.” The Caravan, October 9, 2018. https://www.hoover.org/research/chinas-final-solution-xinjiang.

Yuan Yang and Henry Foy. “‘Under Tremendous Pressure’: The Battle behind the UN Report on China’s Xinjiang Abuses.” Financial Times, September 13, 2022. https://www.ft.com/content/0d69e178-8f56-4153-84b2-7ca2d4fa80a4.

Yue Wang. “China’s Tech Giants Are Giving Away Their Money To Avoid Beijing’s Wrath.” Forbes, August 26, 2021. https://www.forbes.com/sites/ywang/2021/08/26/chinas-tech-giants-are-giving-away-their-money-to-avoid-beijings-wrath.

Yurth, Cindy. “Where’s the Tar?” The Navajo Times, February 11, 2010. https://navajotimes.com/news/2010/0210/021110roads.php.

Zelenskyy, Volodymyr. Volodymyr Zelensky. Big interview for CNN (2022) News of Ukraine. CNN TV broadcast, March 21, 2022. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cQO7ij2IIxE.

Zenz, Adrian. “Coercive Labor in Xinjiang: Labor Transfer and the Mobilization of Ethnic Minorities to Pick Cotton.” Intelligence Briefing. Newlines Institute for Strategy and Policy, December 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20220912100905/http://newlinesinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/20201214-PB-China-Cotton-NISAP-2.pdf.

———. “Sterilizations, IUDs, and Mandatory Birth Control: The CCP’s Campaign to Suppress Uyghur Birthrates in Xinjiang.” Washington, DC: The Jamestown Foundation, June 2020. https://jamestown.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Zenz-Internment-Sterilizations-and-IUDs-UPDATED-July-21-Rev2.pdf.

Zhai, Keith. “Alibaba Hit With Record $2.8 Billion Antitrust Fine in China.” The Wall Street Journal, April 10, 2021. https://www.wsj.com/articles/alibaba-hit-with-record-2-8-billion-antitrust-fine-by-chinas-market-regulator-11618018830.

Zhai, Keith, Elaine Yu, and Anniek Bao. “China’s Plan to Manage Evergrande: Take It Apart, Slowly.” The Wall Street Journal, November 10, 2021. https://www.wsj.com/articles/evergrande-china-crisis-real-estate-developers-11636552507.

Zhang Chun. “China’s New Blueprint for an ‘Ecological Civilization.’” The Diplomat, September 30, 2015. https://thediplomat.com/2015/09/chinas-new-blueprint-for-an-ecological-civilization/.

Zhang, Haiyan, and Michael L. Lahr. “Households’ Energy Consumption Change in China: A Multi-Regional Perspective.” Sustainability 10, no. 7 (2018): 1–17. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10072486.

Zhang, Jane, Zheping Huang, Henry Ren, and Alice Huang. “Alibaba’s $32 Billion Day Signals Breakups for China Tech.” Bloomberg, March 28, 2023. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-03-29/alibaba-s-32-billion-day-signals-breakups-ahead-for-china-tech.

Zhang, Kate. “New Railway Completes 2,700km Loop of Taklamakan Desert in Move to Integrate Xinjiang with Rest of China.” South China Morning Post, June 17, 2022. https://www.scmp.com/news/china/politics/article/3182031/new-railway-completes-2700km-loop-taklamakan-desert-move.

Zhang Lin. “Chinese Communist Party Needs to Curtail Its Presence in Private Businesses.” South China Morning Post, November 25, 2018. https://www.scmp.com/economy/china-economy/article/2174811/chinese-communist-party-needs-curtail-its-presence-private.

Zhang Yu. “China Pushes Forward Marxist Training on Campus, Attracts 1 Million Students.” Global Times, June 16, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160617134640/https://www.globaltimes.cn/content/988795.shtml.

Zhang Zhongkai, Gao Han, and Zhong Qun. “Xinhua Headlines: Flying High: China’s Ethnic Tajik People See Life Ascending on Pamir Plateau.” Xinhua, June 16, 2020. http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-06/16/c_139144009.htm.

Zhong, Raymond and Li Yuan. “The Rise and Fall of the World’s Ride-Hailing Giant.” The New York Times, August 27, 2021. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/27/technology/china-didi-crackdown.html.

Zongyuan Zoe Liu and Daniel Stemp. “The PBoC Props Up China’s Housing Market.” Political. Council on Foreign Relations (blog), March 21, 2023. https://www.cfr.org/blog/pboc-props-chinas-housing-market.

Zygar, Mikhail. “In Russia, the Shift in Public Opinion Is Unmistakable.” The Washington Post, November 28, 2023. https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2023/11/28/putin-russia-sanctions-economy-oil/.

Левада-Центр (Levada Center). “СТРУКТУРА И ВОСПРОИЗВОДСТВО ПАМЯТИ О СОВЕТСКОМ СОЮЗЕ (STRUCTURE AND REPRODUCTION OF THE MEMORY OF THE SOVIET UNION).” Левада-Центр (Levada Center), March 24, 2020. https://www.levada.ru/2020/03/24/struktura-i-vosproizvodstvo-pamyati-o-sovetskom-soyuze/.

Українське Незалежне Інформаційне Агентство Новин. “Ukraine’s Parliament Backs Changes to Constitution Confirming Ukraine’s Path toward EU, NATO.” Українське Незалежне Інформаційне Агентство Новин, July 2, 2019. https://www.unian.info/politics/10437570-ukraine-s-parliament-backs-changes-to-constitution-confirming-ukraine-s-path-toward-eu-nato.html.

中华人民共和国财政部 (Ministry of Finance of the People’s Republic of China). “2021年中央对地方一般性转移支付分地区情况汇总表 (Summary Table of General Transfer Payments from the Central Government to Local Governments by Region in 2021).” People’s Republic of China, March 23, 2021. http://yss.mof.gov.cn/2021zyys/202103/t20210323_3674873.htm.

中国民族报. “中国民族报：今年高考少数民族加分政策进一步‘瘦身’、完善.” 观察者, June 6, 2017. https://www.guancha.cn/politics/2017_06_06_411907.shtml.

丸川知雄 (Tomoo Marukawa). “新疆における「強制不妊手術」疑惑の真相 (The Truth About the Suspicion of Forced Sterilization in Xinjiang).” Newsweek Japan, June 24, 2021. https://www.newsweekjapan.jp/marukawa/2021/06/post-72.php.

———. “新疆の綿花畑では本当に「強制労働」が行われているのか？ (Is ‘forced labor’ really being practiced in Xinjiang’s cotton fields?).” Newsweek Japan, April 12, 2021. https://www.newsweekjapan.jp/marukawa/2021/04/post-69.php.

人民日报 (People’s Daily). “人民日报评论员：坚决把暴恐分子嚣张气焰打下去 (People’s Daily commentator: resolutely suppress the arrogance of violent terrorists).” 人民日报 (People’s Daily), May 1, 2014, 04 edition. https://web.archive.org/web/20140502002102/http://opinion.people.com.cn/n/2014/0501/c1003-24963780.html.

———. “关于建国以来党的若干历史问题的决议 (Resolution on Several Historical Issues of the Party Since the Founding of the People’s Republic of China).” 中央政府门户网站 (Central government portal), June 23, 2008. http://www.gov.cn/test/2008-06/23/content_1024934.htm.

人民网 (People.cn). “新疆绿洲面积已从1950年的4.3%增至9.7% (The oasis area of ​​Xinjiang has increased from 4.3% in 1950 to 9.7%).” The State Council Information Office of the People’s Republic of China, August 4, 2015. http://www.scio.gov.cn/zhzc/8/2/Document/1443311/1443311.htm.

刘仲康, 韩中义, and 古丽夏. “关于正确认识和处理新形势下新疆宗教问题的调查报告 (Investigation Report on Correct Understanding and Handling of Religious Issues in Xinjiang under the New Situation).” 马克思主义与现实 (Marxism and Reality), 2001. https://xueshu.baidu.com/usercenter/paper/show?paperid=b7ddf3f4efd2c3bfe695cdafe0a271fc.

和田地区统计局 (Hotan Regional Bureau of Statistics). “和田地区2000年国民经济和社会发展统计公报 (Statistical Bulletin of the National Economic and Social Development of Hotan Region in 2000).” Hotan: People’s Republic of China, 2000. http://www.tjcn.org/tjgb/31xj/3396_3.html.

———. “和田地区2020年国民经济和社会发展统计公报 (Statistical Bulletin of the National Economic and Social Development of the Hotan Region in 2020).” Hotan: People’s Republic of China, 2020. http://www.tjcn.org/tjgb/31xj/37043.html.

喀什地区统计局 (Kashgar Regional Bureau of Statistics). “喀什地区2000年国民经济和社会发展统计公报 (Statistical Bulletin of the National Economic and Social Development of the Kashgar Region in 2000).” Kashgar: People’s Republic of China, 2000. http://www.tjcn.org/tjgb/31xj/3416_2.html.

———. “喀什地区2020年国民经济和社会发展统计公报 (Statistical Bulletin on National Economic and Social Development of Kashgar in 2020).” Kashgar: People’s Republic of China, 2020. http://www.tjcn.org/tjgb/31xj/36877.html.

大西　広 (Hiroshi Onishi). “「ウイグル問題」に関する西側キャンペーンを検証する (Examining Western Campaign on ‘Uyghur Issue’).” 社会主義理論研究 1, no. 1 (November 25, 2021): 6–20. https://doi.org/10.51058/sost.1.1_6.

央视新闻客户端. “重访新疆塔县皮里村 惊险‘天路’今安在？ (Revisiting the thrilling ‘Heavenly Road’ in Pili Village, Taxian County, Xinjiang, where is it today?).” 经济日报 (Economic Daily), July 14, 2018. http://www.ce.cn/xwzx/gnsz/gdxw/201807/14/t20180714_29744064.shtml.

张弛 (Zhang Chi). “一个维族家庭的生活：不去讲经班遭亲戚排斥 (Life of a Uyghur family: Relatives ostracize them for not going to lectures).” 凤凰周刊 (Phoenix Weekly), May 7, 2014. https://news.ifeng.com/a/20140507/40186213_0.shtml.

彭波. “俞正声率中央代表团出席拉林公路建成段开通仪式 (Yu Zhengsheng led the central delegation to attend the opening ceremony of the completed section of Lalin Highway).” 人民日报 (People’s Daily), September 10, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150914023827/http://paper.people.com.cn/rmrb/html/2015-09/10/nw.D110000renmrb_20150910_4-01.htm.

快懂百科 (Baike.com). “乌鲁木齐 (Ürümqi).” In 快懂百科 (Baike.com). ByteDance, Ltd., September 30, 2022. https://www.baike.com/wikiid/9015747628704996506.

———. “昆明站 (Kunming Railway Station).” In 快懂百科 (Baike.com). ByteDance, Ltd., September 30, 2022. https://www.baike.com/wikiid/8437293485785690661.

新华社 (Xinhua News Agency). “深刻认识新疆分裂和反分裂斗争长期性复杂性尖锐性坚决把暴力恐怖分子的嚣张气焰打下去 (Deeply understand Xinjiang’s separatism and the long-term complexity of the anti-separation struggle).” 人民日报 (People’s Daily), May 1, 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140502104726/https://paper.people.com.cn/rmrb/html/2014-05/01/nw.D110000renmrb_20140501_4-01.htm.

新华网. “习近平:扩大新疆少数民族到内地居住规模 (Xi Jinping: Expand the scale of ethnic minorities in Xinjiang living in the interior).” Xinhua, May 29, 2014. http://www.xinhuanet.com//politics/2014-05/29/c_1110926294.htm.

新疆维吾尔自治区人民政府. “新政发[2018]19号 新疆维吾尔自治区人民政府关于调整新疆维吾尔自治区最低工资标准的通知 (Notice of the People’s Government of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region on Adjusting the Minimum Wage Standards of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region).” Shui5.cn, March 6, 2018. https://www.shui5.cn/article/7e/120581.html.

池田信夫 (Nobuo Ikeda). “「失われた30年」に向かう日本 (Japan Heading for the ‘Lost 30 Years’).” Newsweek Japan, December 23, 2010. https://www.newsweekjapan.jp/column/ikeda/2010/12/20-3.php.

海莱特·尼亚孜 (Hailette Niyaz). 專訪：維族NGO工作者、前新疆法制報總編室主任海萊特 他在七五事件前就預警　．李永峰 (Interview: Uyghur NGO worker Hailette, former director of the editorial office of Xinjiang Legal News who gave early warning before the July 5 incident. Li Yongfeng). Text, August 2, 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20100731175818/http://www.yzzk.com/cfm/Content_Archive.cfm?Channel=ag&Path=2311577102/30ag3a.cfm.

胡鞍钢 and 胡联合. “中国梦的基石是中华民族的国族一体化.” 清华大学学报 28, no. 4 (2013): 111–16.

———. “第二代民族政策：促进民族交融一体和繁荣一体 (The Second Generation Ethnic Policy: Promoting National Integration and Prosperity).” 新华文摘, no. 24 (2011): 6.

西藏新闻社记. “消滅西藏文化是所謂第二代民族政策的最終 (The elimination of Tibetan culture is the ultimate goal of the so-called second-generation ethnic policy).” 西藏新闻社记, July 9, 2012. https://xizang-zhiye.org/2012-07-09-11-39-47/.

逯风暴. “新疆：6个重点公路项目集中开工 (Xinjiang: 6 key highway projects started intensively).” 中华人民共和国中央人民政府 (Central People’s Government of the People’s Republic of China), December 11, 2022. http://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2022-12/11/content_5731349.htm.

阿克苏地区统计局 (Aksu Regional Bureau of Statistics). “阿克苏地区2000年国民经济和社会发展统计公报 (Statistical Bulletin of the National Economic and Social Development of Aksu Region in 2000).” Aksu: People’s Republic of China, 2000. http://www.tjcn.org/tjgb/31xj/3406_2.html.

———. “阿克苏地区2020年国民经济和社会发展统计公报 (Statistical Bulletin on National Economic and Social Development of Aksu Region in 2020).” Aksu: People’s Republic of China, 2020. http://www.tjcn.org/tjgb/31xj/36875.html.

Subscribe now